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Table of Contents<br/><br/>Foreword v<br/><br/>Student Preface vii<br/><br/>Preface to the Instructor xiii<br/><br/>Contributors to the Previous Editions xvii<br/><br/>Reviewers for the South Asian Edition xix<br/><br/>Reviewers for the 8th Edition xxi<br/><br/>Acknowledgements for South Asian Edition xxv<br/><br/>Acknowledgements for the 8th Edition xxvii<br/><br/>Unit 1 The Patient, Nursing and the Health Care Environment<br/><br/>1. Health and Wellness 1<br/><br/>Patricia A. Stockert, Suresh K. Sharma and<br/>Daisy Thomas<br/><br/>Definition of Health, 1<br/><br/>Concept of Health, 2<br/><br/>Concept of Wellness and Well-being, 2<br/><br/>Dimensions of Wellness, 2<br/><br/>Models of Health and Illness, 3<br/><br/>Health Belief Model, 3<br/><br/>Health Promotion Model, 4<br/><br/>Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, 4<br/><br/>Holistic Health Models, 5<br/><br/>Illness-Wellness Continuum, 6<br/><br/>Variables Influencing Health and Health Beliefs<br/>and Practices, 6<br/><br/>Internal Variables, 7<br/><br/>External Variables, 7<br/><br/>Health Promotion, Wellness, and Levels of<br/>Disease Prevention, 8<br/><br/>Levels of Disease Prevention, 9<br/><br/>Risk Factors Influencing Health, 10<br/><br/>Genetic and Physiological Factors, 10<br/><br/>Age, 10<br/><br/>Environment, 10<br/><br/>Lifestyle, 10<br/><br/>Risk-Factor Modification and Changing<br/>Health Behaviours, 11<br/><br/>Body Defence, Immunity, and Immunization, 12<br/><br/>Types of Immunity, 12<br/><br/>Illness and Illness Behaviour, 13<br/><br/>Acute and Chronic Illnesses, 13<br/><br/>Illness Behaviour, 13<br/><br/>Variables Influencing Illness and Illness<br/>Behaviour, 14<br/><br/>Impact of Illness on the Patient and Family, 14<br/><br/>National Health Policy of India, 15<br/><br/>Objectives, 15<br/><br/>Goals to Be Achieved between 2000 and 2015, 15<br/><br/>Policy Prescriptions, 16<br/><br/>Evaluation, 17<br/><br/>2. Health Care Delivery System 21<br/><br/>Patricia A. Stockert, Suresh K. Sharma and<br/>Daisy Thomas<br/><br/>Health Care Agencies and Services, 22<br/><br/>Preventive and Primary Health Care, 23<br/><br/>Secondary and Tertiary Care, 23<br/><br/>Restorative Care, 25<br/><br/>Continuing Care, 26<br/><br/>Hospitals: Indian Scenario, 28<br/><br/>Types of Hospitals, 28<br/><br/>Hospitals in India, 28<br/><br/>Types of Nursing Care Delivery System, 30<br/><br/>Functional Nursing, 30<br/><br/>Total Care, 30<br/><br/>Team nursing, 30<br/><br/>Primary Nursing, 30<br/><br/>Case Management, 30<br/><br/>Patient-Focused Care, 30<br/><br/>Health Care Team, 31<br/><br/>Primary Health Care and Its Delivery:<br/>Role of Nurse, 31<br/><br/>Village Level, 32<br/><br/>Subcentre Level, 32<br/><br/>Primary Health Centre Level, 32<br/><br/>Community Health Centre, 32<br/><br/>Issues in Health Care Delivery, 32<br/><br/>Nursing Shortage, 33<br/><br/>Competency, 33<br/><br/>Evidence-Based Practice, 34<br/><br/>Quality and Safety in Health Care, 34<br/><br/>Nursing Informatics and Technological Advancements, 35<br/><br/>Globalization of Health Care, 37<br/><br/>Future of Health Care, 38<br/><br/>3. Nursing Today: Nursing as a Profession 41<br/><br/>Anne Griffin Perry, Suresh K. Sharma and<br/>Daisy Thomas<br/><br/>Definitions of Nursing, 41<br/><br/>Philosophy of Nursing, 42<br/><br/>Aim of Nursing, 42<br/><br/>Promoting Health, 43<br/><br/>Preventing Illness, 43<br/><br/>Restoring Health, 43<br/><br/>Facilitating Coping with Disability and Death, 43<br/><br/>Nursing Practice, 43<br/><br/>Characteristics of Nursing, 43<br/><br/>Nature of Nursing, 43<br/><br/>Recipients of Nursing, 43<br/><br/>Functions of a Nurse, 43<br/><br/>Qualities of a Nurse, 44<br/><br/>Categories of Nursing Personnel, 44<br/><br/>Historical Highlights, 44<br/><br/>Florence Nightingale, 45<br/><br/>The Civil War to the Beginning of the<br/>Twentieth Century, 45<br/><br/>Twentieth Century, 45<br/><br/>Twenty-First Century, 45<br/><br/>History of Nursing in India, 46<br/><br/>Influences on Nursing, 47<br/><br/>Health Care Reform, 47<br/><br/>Demographic Changes, 47<br/><br/>Medically Underserved, 47<br/><br/>Threat of Bioterrorism, 47<br/><br/>Rising Health Care Costs, 47<br/><br/>Nursing Shortage, 47<br/><br/>Nursing as a Profession, 48<br/><br/>Basic Characteristics of a Profession, 48<br/><br/>Scope and Standards of Practice, 48<br/><br/>Nursing Education, 49<br/><br/>Professional Registered Nurse Education, 49<br/><br/>Graduate Education, 49<br/><br/>Continuing and In-Service Education, 49<br/><br/>Nursing Education in India, 50<br/><br/>Nursing Practice, 50<br/><br/>Nurse Practice Acts, 50<br/><br/>Licensure and Certification, 50<br/><br/>Science and Art of Nursing Practice, 50<br/><br/>Professional Responsibilities and Roles, 51<br/><br/>Autonomy and Accountability, 51<br/><br/>Caregiver, 51<br/><br/>Advocate, 51<br/><br/>Educator, 51<br/><br/>Communicator, 52<br/><br/>Manager, 52<br/><br/>Career Development, 52<br/><br/>Professional Nursing Organizations, 54<br/><br/>Trends in Nursing, 54<br/><br/>Quality and Safety Education for Nurses, 54<br/><br/>Genomics, 54<br/><br/>Public Perception of Nursing, 55<br/><br/>Impact of Nursing on Politics and Health Policy, 55<br/><br/>4. Caring in Nursing Practice 58<br/><br/>Anne Griffin Perry and Daisy Thomas<br/><br/>Theoretical Views on Caring, 59<br/><br/>Caring Is Primary, 59<br/><br/>Leininger’s Transcultural Caring, 59<br/><br/>Watson’s Transpersonal Caring, 59<br/><br/>Swanson’s Theory of Caring, 60<br/><br/>Roach’s Human Mode of Being, 61<br/><br/>Summary of Theoretical Views, 61<br/><br/>Patients’ Perceptions of Caring, 62<br/><br/>Ethic of Care, 63<br/><br/>Caring in Nursing Practice, 63<br/><br/>Providing Presence, 63<br/><br/>Touch, 63<br/><br/>Listening, 64<br/><br/>Knowing the Patient, 64<br/><br/>Spiritual Caring, 65<br/><br/>Relieving Pain and Suffering, 65<br/><br/>Family Care, 65<br/><br/>The Challenge of Caring, 66<br/><br/>5. Culture and Ethnicity 69<br/><br/>Jerrilee LaMar<br/><br/>Health Disparities, 69<br/><br/>Understanding Cultural Concepts, 70<br/><br/>Culturally Congruent Care, 71<br/><br/>Cultural Conflicts, 71<br/><br/>Cultural Context of Health and Caring, 71<br/><br/>Cultural Healing Modalities and Healers, 72<br/><br/>Culture-Bound Syndrome, 73<br/><br/>Culture and Life Transitions, 73<br/><br/>Pregnancy, 74<br/><br/>Childbirth, 74<br/><br/>Newborn, 74<br/><br/>Postpartum Period, 74<br/><br/>Grief and Loss, 75<br/><br/>Cultural Assessment, 76<br/><br/>Census Data, 76<br/><br/>Asking Questions, 76<br/><br/>Establishing Relationships, 76<br/><br/>Selected Components of Cultural Assessment, 78<br/><br/>Religious and Spiritual Beliefs, 79<br/><br/>Time Orientation, 81<br/><br/>Caring Beliefs and Practices, 81<br/><br/>Experience with Professional Health Care, 81<br/><br/>Culturally Congruent Care, 81<br/><br/>6. Developmental Theories 84<br/><br/>Karen Balakas and Daisy Thomas<br/><br/>Factors Influencing Growth and Development, 84<br/><br/>Developmental Theories, 85<br/><br/>Biophysical Developmental Theories, 85<br/><br/>Psychoanalytical/Psychosocial Theory, 86<br/><br/>Perspectives on Adult Development, 88<br/><br/>Cognitive Developmental Theory, 89<br/><br/>Moral Developmental Theory, 91<br/><br/>7. Evidence-Based Practice 95<br/><br/>Amy M. Hall<br/><br/>A Case for Evidence, 95<br/><br/>Steps of Evidence-Based Practice, 97<br/><br/>Nursing Research, 101<br/><br/>Outcomes Management Research, 102<br/><br/>Scientific Method, 102<br/><br/>Nursing and the Scientific Approach, 103<br/><br/>Research Process, 105<br/><br/>Quality and Performance Improvement, 106<br/><br/>Quality Improvement Programmes, 107<br/><br/>8. Community-Based Nursing Practice 110<br/><br/>Anne Griffin Perry and Daisy Thomas<br/><br/>Community-Based Health Care, 110<br/><br/>Achieving Healthy Populations and Communities, 111<br/><br/>Community Health Nursing, 112<br/><br/>Nursing Practice in Community Health, 112<br/><br/>Community-Based Nursing, 113<br/><br/>Vulnerable Populations, 113<br/><br/>Competency in Community-Based Nursing, 115<br/><br/>Community Assessment, 117<br/><br/>Changing Patient’s Health, 117<br/><br/>Unit 2 Professional Standards in Nursing Practice<br/><br/>9. Ethics and Values 120<br/><br/>Margaret Ecker and Suresh K. Sharma<br/><br/>Basic Terms in Health Ethics, 120<br/><br/>Autonomy, 120<br/><br/>Beneficence, 121<br/><br/>Nonmaleficence, 121<br/><br/>Justice, 121<br/><br/>Fidelity, 121<br/><br/>Professional Nursing Code of Ethics, 121<br/><br/>Advocacy, 121<br/><br/>Responsibility, 121<br/><br/>Accountability, 121<br/><br/>Confidentiality, 121<br/><br/>Code of Ethics for Nurses in India, 122<br/><br/>Values, 123<br/><br/>Value Formation, 123<br/><br/>Values Clarification, 123<br/><br/>Ethics and Philosophy, 124<br/><br/>Deontology, 124<br/><br/>Utilitarianism, 124<br/><br/>Feminist Ethics, 125<br/><br/>Ethics of Care, 125<br/><br/>Consensus in Bioethics, 125<br/><br/>Nursing Point of View, 125<br/><br/>Processing an Ethical Dilemma, 125<br/><br/>Institutional Resources, 127<br/><br/>Issues in Health Care Ethics, 128<br/><br/>Quality of Life, 128<br/><br/>Genetic Screening, 128<br/><br/>Care at the End of Life, 128<br/><br/>Access to Care, 129<br/><br/>10. Legal Implications in Nursing Practice 132<br/><br/>Christine R. Durbin<br/><br/>Legal Limits of Nursing, 132<br/><br/>Sources of Law, 132<br/><br/>Standards of Care, 133<br/><br/>Federal Statutory Issues in Nursing Practice, 134<br/><br/>Americans with Disabilities Act, 134<br/><br/>Emergency Medical Treatment and Active<br/>Labor Act, 134<br/><br/>Mental Health Parity Act, 135<br/><br/>Advance Directives, 135<br/><br/>Uniform Anatomical Gift Act, 136<br/><br/>Health Insurance Portability and<br/>Accountability Act, 136<br/><br/>Restraints, 136<br/><br/>State Statutory Issues in Nursing Practice, 137<br/><br/>Licensure, 137<br/><br/>Good Samaritan Laws, 137<br/><br/>Public Health Laws, 137<br/><br/>The Uniform Determination of Death Act, 137<br/><br/>Autopsy, 137<br/><br/>Physician-Assisted Suicide, 138<br/><br/>Civil and Common Law Issues in Nursing Practice, 138<br/><br/>Torts, 138<br/><br/>Consent, 139<br/><br/>Abortion Issues, 140<br/><br/>Nursing Students, 141<br/><br/>Malpractice Insurance, 141<br/><br/>Abandonment and Assignment Issues, 141<br/><br/>Risk Management, 142<br/><br/>Professional Involvement, 143<br/><br/>Unit 3 Communication and Nurse-Patient Relationship<br/><br/>11. Communication 146<br/><br/>Jeri Berger and Suresh K. Sharma<br/><br/>Communication and Nursing Practice, 146<br/><br/>Communication and Interpersonal Relationships, 147<br/><br/>Developing Communication Skills, 147<br/><br/>Levels of Communication, 148<br/><br/>Basic Elements of the Communication Process, 149<br/><br/>Referent, 149<br/><br/>Sender and Receiver, 149<br/><br/>Messages, 150<br/><br/>Channels, 150<br/><br/>Feedback, 150<br/><br/>Interpersonal Variables, 150<br/><br/>Environment, 150<br/><br/>Forms of Communication, 150<br/><br/>Verbal Communication, 150<br/><br/>Nonverbal Communication, 151<br/><br/>Symbolic Communication, 152<br/><br/>Metacommunication, 152<br/><br/>Methods of Effective Communication, 152<br/><br/>Attention Skills, 152<br/><br/>Rapport Building, 153<br/><br/>Empathy Skills, 153<br/><br/>Professional Nursing Relationships, 153<br/><br/>Nurse-Patient Helping Relationships, 153<br/><br/>Nurse-Family Relationships, 154<br/><br/>Nurse–Health Care Team Relationships, 154<br/><br/>Nurse-Community Relationships, 155<br/><br/>Elements of Professional Communication, 155<br/><br/>Courtesy, 155<br/><br/>Use of Names, 156<br/><br/>Trustworthiness, 156<br/><br/>Autonomy and Responsibility, 156<br/><br/>Assertiveness, 156<br/><br/>12. Patient Education 168<br/><br/>Amy M. Hall and Suresh K. Sharma<br/><br/>Standards for Patient Education, 168<br/><br/>Purposes of Patient Education, 169<br/><br/>Maintenance and Promotion of Health and Illness<br/>Prevention, 169<br/><br/>Restoration of Health, 169<br/><br/>Coping with Impaired Functions, 169<br/><br/>Teaching and Learning, 169<br/><br/>Role of the Nurse in Teaching and Learning, 170<br/><br/>Teaching as Communication, 170<br/><br/>Domains of Learning, 171<br/><br/>Cognitive Learning, 171<br/><br/>Affective Learning, 172<br/><br/>Psychomotor Learning, 172<br/><br/>Basic Learning Principles, 172<br/><br/>Motivation to Learn, 172<br/><br/>Ability to Learn, 173<br/><br/>Learning Environment, 175<br/><br/>Unit 4 Critical Thinking in Nursing Practice<br/><br/>13. Critical Thinking in Nursing Practice 190<br/><br/>Patricia A. Potter<br/><br/>Clinical Decisions in Nursing Practice, 190<br/><br/>Critical Thinking Defined, 191<br/><br/>Thinking and Learning, 192<br/><br/>Levels of Critical Thinking in Nursing, 192<br/><br/>Basic Critical Thinking, 193<br/><br/>Complex Critical Thinking, 193<br/><br/>Commitment, 193<br/><br/>Critical Thinking Competencies, 193<br/><br/>General Critical Thinking, 193<br/><br/>Specific Critical Thinking, 194<br/><br/>Nursing Process as a Competency, 195<br/><br/>A Critical Thinking Model for Clinical<br/>Decision Making, 196<br/><br/>Specific Knowledge Base, 197<br/><br/>Experience, 197<br/><br/>Nursing Process Competency, 197<br/><br/>Attitudes for Critical Thinking, 197<br/><br/>Standards for Critical Thinking, 200<br/><br/>Developing Critical Thinking Skills, 201<br/><br/>Reflective Journaling, 201<br/><br/>Meeting with Colleagues, 201<br/><br/>Concept Mapping, 201<br/><br/>Critical Thinking Synthesis, 202<br/><br/>14. Nursing Assessment 205<br/><br/>Patricia A. Potter and Daisy Thomas<br/><br/>Critical Thinking Approach to Assessment, 206<br/><br/>Data Collection, 207<br/><br/>Methods of Data Collection, 211<br/><br/>Cultural Considerations in Assessment, 214<br/><br/>Nursing Health History, 215<br/><br/>Physical Examination, 217<br/><br/>Observation of Patient Behaviour, 217<br/><br/>Diagnostic and Laboratory Data, 217<br/><br/>Interpreting and Validating Assessment Data, 217<br/><br/>Data Documentation, 218<br/><br/>Concept Mapping, 219<br/><br/>15. Nursing Diagnosis 222<br/><br/>Patricia A. Potter<br/><br/>History of Nursing Diagnosis, 223<br/><br/>Critical Thinking and the Nursing Diagnostic Process, 226<br/><br/>Data Clustering, 226<br/><br/>Interpretation—Identifying Health Problems, 227<br/><br/>Formulating a Nursing Diagnosis, 228<br/><br/>Types of Nursing Diagnoses, 229<br/><br/>Components of a Nursing Diagnosis, 229<br/><br/>Cultural Relevance of Nursing Diagnoses, 230<br/><br/>Concept Mapping Nursing Diagnoses, 231<br/><br/>Sources of Diagnostic Errors, 232<br/><br/>Errors in Interpretation and Analysis of Data, 232<br/><br/>Errors in Data Clustering, 233<br/><br/>Errors in the Diagnostic Statement, 233<br/><br/>Documentation and Informatics, 234<br/><br/>Nursing Diagnoses: Application to Care Planning, 234<br/><br/>16. Planning Nursing Care 237<br/><br/>Patricia A. Potter and Daisy Thomas<br/><br/>Types of Planning, 238<br/><br/>Establishing Priorities, 238<br/><br/>Priorities in Practice, 239<br/><br/>Critical Thinking in Setting Goals and Expected<br/>Outcomes, 239<br/><br/>Goals of Care, 240<br/><br/>Expected Outcomes, 241<br/><br/>Guidelines for Writing Goals and Expected Outcomes, 242<br/><br/>Critical Thinking in Planning Nursing Care, 243<br/><br/>Types of Interventions, 243<br/><br/>Selection of Interventions, 244<br/><br/>Systems for Planning Nursing Care, 246<br/><br/>Change of Shift, 247<br/><br/>Student Care Plans, 248<br/><br/>Concept Maps, 250<br/><br/>Consulting other Health Care Professionals, 251<br/><br/>When to Consult, 251<br/><br/>How to Consult, 251<br/><br/>17. Implementing Nursing Care 254<br/><br/>Patricia A. Potter and Suresh K. Sharma<br/><br/>Critical Thinking in Implementation, 255<br/><br/>Standard Nursing Interventions, 256<br/><br/>Clinical Practice Guidelines and Protocols, 257<br/><br/>Standing Orders, 257<br/><br/>NIC Interventions, 257<br/><br/>Standards of Practice, 258<br/><br/>Implementation Process, 258<br/><br/>Reassessing the Patient, 258<br/><br/>Reviewing and Revising the Existing Nursing<br/>Care Plan, 258<br/><br/>Organizing Resources and Care Delivery, 258<br/><br/>Anticipating and Preventing Complications, 260<br/><br/>Implementation Skills, 261<br/><br/>Direct Care, 261<br/><br/>Activities of Daily Living, 261<br/><br/>Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, 262<br/><br/>Physical Care Techniques, 262<br/><br/>Lifesaving Measures, 262<br/><br/>Counselling, 262<br/><br/>Teaching, 262<br/><br/>Controlling for Adverse Reactions, 263<br/><br/>Preventive Measures, 264<br/><br/>Indirect Care, 264<br/><br/>Communicating Nursing Interventions, 264<br/><br/>Delegating, Supervising, and Evaluating the<br/>Work of Other Staff Members, 264<br/><br/>Achieving Patient Goals, 265<br/><br/>18. Evaluation 267<br/><br/>Patricia A. Potter and Suresh K. Sharma<br/><br/>Standards for Evaluation, 269<br/><br/>Criterion-Based Evaluation, 270<br/><br/>Collaborate and Evaluate Effectiveness of Interventions, 270<br/><br/>Document Results, 272<br/><br/>Care Plan Revision, 273<br/><br/>19. Managing Patient Care 277<br/><br/>Patricia A. Stockert and Suresh K. Sharma<br/><br/>Nursing Care Delivery Models, 277<br/><br/>Decision Making, 278<br/><br/>Staff Involvement, 280<br/><br/>Leadership Skills for Nursing Students, 281<br/><br/>Clinical Care Coordination, 281<br/><br/>Team Communication, 283<br/><br/>Delegation, 284<br/><br/>Knowledge Building, 285<br/><br/>Unit 5 Documentation and Informatics<br/><br/>20. Documentation and Reporting 289<br/><br/>Frank Lyerla and Suresh K. Sharma<br/><br/>Confidentiality, 290<br/><br/>Standards, 290<br/><br/>Interdisciplinary Communication within the Health Care Team, 290<br/><br/>Purposes of Records, 291<br/><br/>Communication, 291<br/><br/>Legal Documentation, 291<br/><br/>Reimbursement, 291<br/><br/>Education, 291<br/><br/>Research, 291<br/><br/>Auditing and Monitoring, 292<br/><br/>Medical and Nursing Records, 293<br/><br/>Guidelines for Quality Documentation and Reporting, 293<br/><br/>Factual, 293<br/><br/>Accurate, 294<br/><br/>Complete, 294<br/><br/>Current, 295<br/><br/>Organized, 295<br/><br/>Methods of Documentation, 295<br/><br/>Paper and Electronic Health Records, 295<br/><br/>Narrative Documentation, 296<br/><br/>Problem-Oriented Medical Record, 296<br/><br/>Source Records, 297<br/><br/>Charting by Exception, 297<br/><br/>Case Management Plan and Critical Pathways, 298<br/><br/>Common Record-Keeping Forms, 298<br/><br/>Admission Nursing History Forms, 298<br/><br/>Flow Sheets and Graphic Records, 299<br/><br/>Patient Care Summary or Kardex, 299<br/><br/>Standardized Care Plans, 299<br/><br/>Discharge Summary Forms, 299<br/><br/>Acuity Records, 299<br/><br/>Home Care Documentation, 300<br/><br/>Long-Term Health Care Documentation, 300<br/><br/>Reporting, 300<br/><br/>Hand-Off Report, 300<br/><br/>Telephone Reports and Orders, 301<br/><br/>Incident or Occurrence Reports, 302<br/><br/>Health Informatics, 303<br/><br/>Nursing Informatics, 303<br/><br/>Nursing Information Systems, 304<br/><br/>Clinical Information Systems, 306<br/><br/>Unit 6 Foundations for Nursing Practice<br/><br/>21. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Practice 309<br/><br/>Anne Griffin Perry and Daisy Thomas<br/><br/>Domain of Nursing, 309<br/><br/>Theory, 310<br/><br/>Purposes of a Theory, 310<br/><br/>Components of a Theory, 311<br/><br/>Types of a Theory, 311<br/><br/>Theory-Based Nursing Practice, 312<br/><br/>Interdisciplinary Theories, 312<br/><br/>Systems Theory, 312<br/><br/>Basic Human Needs, 313<br/><br/>Developmental Theories, 314<br/><br/>Psychosocial Theories, 314<br/><br/>Selected Nursing Theories, 314<br/><br/>Nightingale’s Theory, 314<br/><br/>Peplau’s Theory, 315<br/><br/>Henderson’s Theory, 315<br/><br/>Orem’s Theory, 315<br/><br/>Leininger’s Theory, 315<br/><br/>Betty Neuman’s Theory, 316<br/><br/>Roy’s Theory, 316<br/><br/>Watson’s Theory, 316<br/><br/>Benner and Wrubel’s Theory, 317<br/><br/>Link between Theory and Knowledge Development in Nursing, 317<br/><br/>Relationship between Nursing Theory and<br/>Nursing Research, 317<br/><br/>22. Hospitalization: Admission and Discharge 320<br/><br/>Suresh K. Sharma and Daisy Thomas<br/><br/>Admission to the Hospital, 320<br/><br/>Definition, 320<br/><br/>Indications, 320<br/><br/>Purposes of Admission Procedure, 320<br/><br/>Types of Admission, 320<br/><br/>Method of Admission, 321<br/><br/>Preparation of the Unit for Admission, 321<br/><br/>Helping the Patient to Occupy the Bed, 321<br/><br/>Orientation of the Patient to the Ward, 321<br/><br/>Steps of Admission Procedure, 321<br/><br/>Emotional Responses to Hospitalization, 322<br/><br/>Special Considerations During Admission, 322<br/><br/>Medicolegal Issues Related to Admission, 322<br/><br/>Discharge from the Hospital, 322<br/><br/>Definition, 322<br/><br/>Types of Discharge, 322<br/><br/>Discharge Planning, 323<br/><br/>Discharge Procedure, 323<br/><br/>Medicolegal Issues Related to Discharge, 324<br/><br/>Medicolegal Issues Related to Discharge of<br/>Mentally-Ill Patient, 324<br/><br/>23. Patient Safety 327<br/><br/>Marinetta DeMoss and Suresh K. Sharma<br/><br/>Scientific Knowledge Base, 328<br/><br/>Nursing Knowledge Base, 330<br/><br/>Environmental Safety: Noise, Ventilation,<br/>Light, 335<br/><br/>Noise Control, 335<br/><br/>Ventilation, 335<br/><br/>Lighting, 335<br/><br/>Critical Thinking, 335<br/><br/>24. Infection Prevention and Control 362<br/><br/>Ruth M. Curchoe and Suresh K. Sharma<br/><br/>Scientific Knowledge Base, 363<br/><br/>Chain of Infection, 363<br/><br/>The Infectious Process, 366<br/><br/>Defences Against Infection, 366<br/><br/>Health Care–Associated Infections, 368<br/><br/>Nursing Knowledge Base, 369<br/><br/>Factors Influencing Infection Prevention and Control, 369<br/><br/>25. Vital Signs 407<br/><br/>Susan Jane Fetzer, Suresh K. Sharma and<br/>Daisy Thomas<br/><br/>Guidelines for Measuring Vital Signs, 408<br/><br/>Body Temperature, 409<br/><br/>Factors Affecting Body Temperature, 411<br/><br/>Pulse, 419<br/><br/>Physiology and Regulation, 420<br/><br/>Assessment of Pulse, 420<br/><br/>Character of the Pulse, 421<br/><br/>Nursing Process and Pulse Determination, 423<br/><br/>Respiration, 423<br/><br/>Physiological Control, 423<br/><br/>Mechanics of Breathing, 423<br/><br/>Assessment of Ventilation, 424<br/><br/>Assessment of Diffusion and Perfusion, 425<br/><br/>Nursing Process and Respiratory Vital Signs, 426<br/><br/>Blood Pressure, 426<br/><br/>Physiology of Arterial Blood Pressure, 426<br/><br/>Factors Influencing Blood Pressure, 427<br/><br/>Hypertension, 428<br/><br/>Hypotension, 429<br/><br/>Measurement of Blood Pressure, 429<br/><br/>Nursing Process and Blood Pressure<br/>Determination, 434<br/><br/>Health Promotion and Vital Signs, 434<br/><br/>Recording Vital Signs, 434<br/><br/>26. Health Assessment and Physical Examination 455<br/><br/>Rhonda W. Comrie, Suresh K. Sharma and<br/>Daisy Thomas<br/><br/>Purposes of the Physical Examination, 456<br/><br/>Cultural Sensitivity, 456<br/><br/>Preparation for Examination, 456<br/><br/>Infection Control, 456<br/><br/>Environment, 456<br/><br/>Equipment, 457<br/><br/>Physical Preparation of the Patient, 457<br/><br/>Psychological Preparation of a Patient, 457<br/><br/>Assessment of Age Groups, 459<br/><br/>Organization of the Examination, 459<br/><br/>Techniques of Physical Assessment, 461<br/><br/>Inspection, 461<br/><br/>Palpation, 461<br/><br/>Percussion, 463<br/><br/>Auscultation, 463<br/><br/>Olfaction, 463<br/><br/>General Survey, 463<br/><br/>General Appearance and Behaviour, 463<br/><br/>Vital Signs, 464<br/><br/>Height and Weight, 464<br/><br/>Skin, Hair, and Nails, 468<br/><br/>Skin, 468<br/><br/>Hair and Scalp, 472<br/><br/>Nails, 473<br/><br/>Head and Neck, 476<br/><br/>Head, 477<br/><br/>Eyes, 477<br/><br/>Ears, 482<br/><br/>Nose and Sinuses, 485<br/><br/>Mouth and Pharynx, 486<br/><br/>Neck, 490<br/><br/>Thorax and Lungs, 492<br/><br/>Posterior Thorax, 493<br/><br/>Lateral Thorax, 496<br/><br/>Anterior Thorax, 496<br/><br/>Heart, 497<br/><br/>Inspection and Palpation, 499<br/><br/>Auscultation, 500<br/><br/>Vascular System, 502<br/><br/>Blood Pressure, 502<br/><br/>Carotid Arteries, 502<br/><br/>Jugular Veins, 503<br/><br/>Peripheral Arteries and Veins, 504<br/><br/>Lymphatic System, 508<br/><br/>Breasts, 508<br/><br/>Female Breasts, 509<br/><br/>Male Breasts, 514<br/><br/>Abdomen, 514<br/><br/>Inspection, 515<br/><br/>Auscultation, 516<br/><br/>Palpation, 516<br/><br/>Female Genitalia and Reproductive Tract, 517<br/><br/>Preparation of the Patient, 518<br/><br/>External Genitalia, 518<br/><br/>Speculum Examination of Internal Genitalia, 519<br/><br/>Male Genitalia, 519<br/><br/>Sexual Maturity, 520<br/><br/>Penis, 521<br/><br/>Scrotum, 521<br/><br/>Inguinal Ring and Canal, 522<br/><br/>Rectum and Anus, 522<br/><br/>Inspection, 523<br/><br/>Digital Palpation, 523<br/><br/>Musculoskeletal System, 523<br/><br/>General Inspection, 524<br/><br/>Palpation, 525<br/><br/>Range of Joint Motion, 525<br/><br/>Muscle Tone and Strength, 526<br/><br/>Neurological System, 528<br/><br/>Mental and Emotional Status, 528<br/><br/>Intellectual Function, 530<br/><br/>Cranial Nerve Function, 530<br/><br/>Sensory Function, 530<br/><br/>Motor Function, 531<br/><br/>Reflexes, 532<br/><br/>After the Examination, 534<br/><br/>27. Machinery, Equipment and Linen 538<br/><br/>Suresh K. Sharma and Daisy Thomas<br/><br/>Introduction, 538<br/><br/>Health Technology, 538<br/><br/>Medical Devices, 538<br/><br/>Medical Equipment, 539<br/><br/>Maintenance of Equipment, 539<br/><br/>Purposes of Equipment Maintenance, 539<br/><br/>Equipment Maintenance Process, 539<br/><br/>Hospital Housekeeping, 540<br/><br/>Care of Rubber Goods, 541<br/><br/>Care of Linen, 541<br/><br/>Care of Stainless Steel Instruments, 542<br/><br/>Care of Glassware, 542<br/><br/>Care of Enamelware, 542<br/><br/>Care of Hospital Furniture, 542<br/><br/>28. Medication Administration 544<br/><br/>Amy M. Hall, Suresh K. Sharma and<br/>Daisy Thomas<br/><br/>Scientific Knowledge Base, 545<br/><br/>Medication Legislation and Standards, 545<br/><br/>Pharmacological Concepts, 545<br/><br/>Pharmacokinetics as the Basis of Medication<br/>Actions, 547<br/><br/>Types of Medication Action, 548<br/><br/>Medication Interactions, 549<br/><br/>Timing of Medication Dose Responses, 549<br/><br/>Routes of Administration, 550<br/><br/>Systems of Medication Measurement, 553<br/><br/>Nursing Knowledge Base, 554<br/><br/>Clinical Calculations, 554<br/><br/>Prescriber’s Role, 557<br/><br/>Types of Orders in Acute Care Agencies, 561<br/><br/>Pharmacist’s Role, 562<br/><br/>Distribution Systems, 563<br/><br/>Nurse’s Role, 563<br/><br/>Medication Errors, 563<br/><br/>Critical Thinking, 565<br/><br/>Knowledge, 565<br/><br/>Experience, 565<br/><br/>Attitudes, 565<br/><br/>Standards, 565<br/><br/>Medication Administration, 575<br/><br/>Oral Administration, 575<br/><br/>Topical Medication Applications, 577<br/><br/>Administering Medications by Inhalation, 581<br/><br/>Administering Medications by Irrigations, 584<br/><br/>Parenteral Administration of Medications, 584<br/><br/>Administering Injections, 588<br/><br/>29. Complementary and Alternative Therapies 627<br/><br/>Mary S. Koithan and Daisy Thomas<br/><br/>Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Health, 628<br/><br/>Nursing-Accessible Therapies, 630<br/><br/>Relaxation Therapy, 631<br/><br/>Meditation and Breathing, 632<br/><br/>Imagery, 632<br/><br/>Training-Specific Therapies, 633<br/><br/>Biofeedback, 633<br/><br/>Acupuncture, 634<br/><br/>Therapeutic Touch, 634<br/><br/>Chiropractic Therapy, 635<br/><br/>Traditional Chinese Medicine, 636<br/><br/>Natural Products and Herbal Therapies, 637<br/><br/>Nursing Role in Complementary and Alternative<br/>Therapies, 638<br/><br/>Unit 7 Psychological Basis for Nursing Practice<br/><br/>30. Self-Concept 643<br/><br/>Victoria N. Folse, Suresh K. Sharma and<br/>Daisy Thomas<br/><br/>Self-Awareness, 643<br/><br/>Scientific Knowledge Base, 643<br/><br/>Nursing Knowledge Base, 644<br/><br/>Development of Self-Concept, 645<br/><br/>Components and Interrelated Terms of<br/>Self-Concept, 645<br/><br/>Factors Influencing Self-Concept, 647<br/><br/>Family Effect on Self-Concept Development, 649<br/><br/>Nurse’s Effect on Patient’s Self-Concept, 649<br/><br/>Critical Thinking, 651<br/><br/>31. Sexuality 661<br/><br/>Kathy Lever and Daisy Thomas<br/><br/>Scientific Knowledge Base, 662<br/><br/>Sexual Development, 662<br/><br/>Sexual Orientation, 663<br/><br/>Contraception, 664<br/><br/>Sexually Transmitted Infections, 664<br/><br/>Nursing Knowledge Base, 665<br/><br/>Factors Influencing Sexuality, 665<br/><br/>Critical Thinking, 668<br/><br/>32. The Experience of Loss, Death, and Grief 680<br/><br/>Valerie Yancey, Suresh K. Sharma and<br/>Daisy Thomas<br/><br/>Scientific Knowledge Base, 681<br/><br/>Loss, 681<br/><br/>Grief, 682<br/><br/>Theories of Grief and Mourning, 682<br/><br/>Nursing Knowledge Base, 684<br/><br/>Factors Influencing Loss and Grief, 684<br/><br/>Sander’s Phases of Bereavement, 685<br/><br/>Critical Thinking, 686<br/><br/>33. Stress and Coping 705<br/><br/>Marjorie Baier and Daisy Thomas<br/><br/>Scientific Knowledge Base, 706<br/><br/>Medulla Oblongata, 706<br/><br/>Reticular Formation, 706<br/><br/>Pituitary Gland, 706<br/><br/>General Adaptation Syndrome, 706<br/><br/>Types of Stress, 708<br/><br/>Nursing Knowledge Base, 708<br/><br/>Nursing Theory and the Role of Stress, 708<br/><br/>Indicators of Stress, 709<br/><br/>Factors Influencing Stress and Coping, 709<br/><br/>Critical Thinking, 711<br/><br/>Unit 8 Physiological Basis for Nursing Practice<br/><br/>34. Activity and Exercise 722<br/><br/>Rita Wunderlich<br/><br/>Scientific Knowledge Base, 722<br/><br/>Overview of Exercise and Activity, 722<br/><br/>Regulation of Movement, 723<br/><br/>Principles of Transfer and Positioning Techniques, 725<br/><br/>Nursing Knowledge Base, 726<br/><br/>Factors Influencing Activity and Exercise, 726<br/><br/>Critical Thinking, 727<br/><br/>35. Hygiene 746<br/><br/>Deborah Marshall and Suresh K. Sharma<br/><br/>Scientific Knowledge Base, 746<br/><br/>The Skin, 747<br/><br/>The Feet, Hands, and Nails, 747<br/><br/>The Oral Cavity, 748<br/><br/>The Hair, 748<br/><br/>The Eyes, Ears, and Nose, 748<br/><br/>Nursing Knowledge Base, 748<br/><br/>Factors Influencing Hygiene, 748<br/><br/>Critical Thinking, 751<br/><br/>36. Oxygenation 800<br/><br/>Paulette M. Archer and Suresh K. Sharma<br/><br/>Scientific Knowledge Base, 800<br/><br/>Respiratory Physiology, 801<br/><br/>Cardiovascular Physiology, 802<br/><br/>Factors Affecting Oxygenation, 805<br/><br/>Alterations in Respiratory Functioning, 806<br/><br/>Alterations in Cardiac Functioning, 807<br/><br/>Nursing Knowledge Base, 808<br/><br/>Factors Influencing Oxygenation, 808<br/><br/>Critical Thinking, 810<br/><br/>37. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance 864<br/><br/>Linda Felver<br/><br/>Scientific Knowledge Base, 865<br/><br/>Location and Movement of Water and Electrolytes, 865<br/><br/>Fluid Balance, 867<br/><br/>Fluid Imbalances, 869<br/><br/>Electrolyte Balance, 871<br/><br/>Electrolyte Imbalances, 872<br/><br/>Acid-Base Balance, 874<br/><br/>Acid-Base Imbalances, 875<br/><br/>Nursing Knowledge Base, 877<br/><br/>Critical Thinking, 877<br/><br/>Nursing History, 878<br/><br/>Medical History, 880<br/><br/>Physical Assessment, 881<br/><br/>Laboratory Values, 883<br/><br/>38. Sleep 922<br/><br/>Patricia A. Stockert and Daisy Thomas<br/><br/>Scientific Knowledge Base, 922<br/><br/>Physiology of Sleep, 922<br/><br/>Functions of Sleep, 924<br/><br/>Physical Illness, 925<br/><br/>Sleep Disorders, 925<br/><br/>Nursing Knowledge Base, 928<br/><br/>Sleep and Rest, 928<br/><br/>Normal Sleep Requirements and Patterns, 928<br/><br/>Factors Influencing Sleep, 929<br/><br/>Critical Thinking, 930<br/><br/>Factors Affecting Human Comfort, 943<br/><br/>Environmental factors, 943<br/><br/>Psychological factors, 944<br/><br/>Personal factors, 944<br/><br/>Comfort Devices, 944<br/><br/>39. Pain Management 947<br/><br/>Linda Cason<br/><br/>Scientific Knowledge Base, 948<br/><br/>Nature of Pain, 948<br/><br/>Physiology of Pain, 948<br/><br/>Types of Pain, 950<br/><br/>Nursing Knowledge Base, 951<br/><br/>Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs, 951<br/><br/>Factors Influencing Pain, 952<br/><br/>Critical Thinking, 954<br/><br/>40. Nutrition 983<br/><br/>Patricia A. Stockert and Daisy Thomas<br/><br/>Scientific Knowledge Base, 984<br/><br/>Nutrients: The Biochemical Units of Nutrition, 984<br/><br/>Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System, 986<br/><br/>Dietary Guidelines, 988<br/><br/>Nursing Knowledge Base, 989<br/><br/>Factors Influencing Nutrition, 989<br/><br/>Alternative Food Patterns, 992<br/><br/>Critical Thinking, 992<br/><br/>41. Urinary Elimination 1030<br/><br/>Terry L. Wood<br/><br/>Scientific Knowledge Base, 1030<br/><br/>Kidneys, 1030<br/><br/>Ureters, 1032<br/><br/>Bladder, 1032<br/><br/>Urethra, 1032<br/><br/>Act of Urination, 1032<br/><br/>Nursing Knowledge Base, 1037<br/><br/>Infection Control and Hygiene, 1037<br/><br/>Factors Influencing Urination, 1037<br/><br/>Critical Thinking, 1038<br/><br/>42. Bowel Elimination 1077<br/><br/>Lori Klingman<br/><br/>Scientific Knowledge Base, 1077<br/><br/>Mouth, 1077<br/><br/>Oesophagus, 1077<br/><br/>Stomach, 1078<br/><br/>Small Intestine, 1078<br/><br/>Large Intestine, 1078<br/><br/>Anus, 1079<br/><br/>Defecation, 1079<br/><br/>Nursing Knowledge Base, 1079<br/><br/>Factors Influencing Bowel Elimination, 1079<br/><br/>Common Bowel Elimination Problems, 1082<br/><br/>Bowel Diversions, 1083<br/><br/>Critical Thinking, 1086<br/><br/>43. Mobility and Immobility 1119<br/><br/>Ann B. Tritak<br/><br/>Scientific Knowledge Base, 1119<br/><br/>Nature of Movement, 1119<br/><br/>Physiology and Regulation of Movement, 1120<br/><br/>Pathological Influences on Mobility, 1123<br/><br/>Nursing Knowledge Base, 1124<br/><br/>Safe Patient Handling, 1124<br/><br/>Factors Influencing Mobility-Immobility, 1124<br/><br/>Developmental Changes, 1128<br/><br/>Critical Thinking, 1129<br/><br/>44. Skin Integrity and Wound Care 1172<br/><br/>Janice Colwell and Daisy Thomas<br/><br/>Scientific Knowledge Base, 1172<br/><br/>Skin, 1172<br/><br/>Pressure Ulcers, 1173<br/><br/>Classification of Pressure Ulcers, 1175<br/><br/>Wound Classifications, 1177<br/><br/>Nursing Knowledge Base, 1180<br/><br/>Prediction and Prevention of Pressure Ulcers, 1180<br/><br/>Factors Influencing Pressure Ulcer Formation and Wound Healing, 1182<br/><br/>Critical Thinking, 1183<br/><br/>45. Sensory Alterations 1234<br/><br/>Jill Parsons<br/><br/>Scientific Knowledge Base, 1234<br/><br/>Normal Sensation, 1234<br/><br/>Sensory Alterations, 1235<br/><br/>Nursing Knowledge Base, 1237<br/><br/>Factors Influencing Sensory Function, 1237<br/><br/>Critical Thinking, 1238<br/><br/>46. Care of Surgical Patients 1256<br/><br/>Carrie Sona<br/><br/>History of Surgical Nursing, 1256<br/><br/>Ambulatory Surgery, 1257<br/><br/>Scientific Knowledge Base, 1257<br/><br/>Classification of Surgery, 1257<br/><br/>Nursing Knowledge Base, 1257<br/><br/>Critical Thinking, 1257<br/><br/>Preoperative Surgical Phase, 1259<br/><br/>Transport to the Operating Room, 1274<br/><br/>Intraoperative Surgical Phase, 1275<br/><br/>Preoperative (Holding) Area, 1275<br/><br/>Admission to the Operating Room, 1275<br/><br/>Preoperative Surgical Phase, 1278<br/><br/>Immediate Postoperative Recovery (Phase I), 1278<br/><br/>Recovery in Ambulatory Surgery (Phase II), 1280<br/><br/>Postoperative Convalescence, 1281<br/><br/>Appendix 1301<br/><br/>Glossary 1303<br/><br/>Index 1319 |