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Potter & Perry's fundamentals of nursing South Asian Edition [edited by] Suresh Sharma, Daisy Thomas

By: Patricia A. Potter, Anne Griffin PerryContributor(s): Patricia A. Stockert, Amy M. Hall | Patricia A. Potter, Anne Griffen Perry | Suresh K. Sharma, Daisy ThomasMaterial type: TextTextPublication details: Delhi, India Elsevier c2013Edition: Asian edition (First)Description: p. 1337ISBN: 9788131234365; 9788131234365Subject(s): Nursing | Nursing Care | Nursing Process | NursingDDC classification: 610.73 LOC classification: RT41 | P688 2013NLM classification: WY 100.1Online resources: Fully compliant to the INC curriculum Easy-to-read, interesting and involving disposition, which leads the reader through various facets of nursing foundations/ fundamentals Improved layout, design and presentation A number of photographs replaced with the Indian ones to provide regional feel to the content Long Answer and Short Answer questions added at the end of every chapter
Contents:
Table of Contents Foreword v Student Preface vii Preface to the Instructor xiii Contributors to the Previous Editions xvii Reviewers for the South Asian Edition xix Reviewers for the 8th Edition xxi Acknowledgements for South Asian Edition xxv Acknowledgements for the 8th Edition xxvii Unit 1 The Patient, Nursing and the Health Care Environment 1. Health and Wellness 1 Patricia A. Stockert, Suresh K. Sharma and Daisy Thomas Definition of Health, 1 Concept of Health, 2 Concept of Wellness and Well-being, 2 Dimensions of Wellness, 2 Models of Health and Illness, 3 Health Belief Model, 3 Health Promotion Model, 4 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, 4 Holistic Health Models, 5 Illness-Wellness Continuum, 6 Variables Influencing Health and Health Beliefs and Practices, 6 Internal Variables, 7 External Variables, 7 Health Promotion, Wellness, and Levels of Disease Prevention, 8 Levels of Disease Prevention, 9 Risk Factors Influencing Health, 10 Genetic and Physiological Factors, 10 Age, 10 Environment, 10 Lifestyle, 10 Risk-Factor Modification and Changing Health Behaviours, 11 Body Defence, Immunity, and Immunization, 12 Types of Immunity, 12 Illness and Illness Behaviour, 13 Acute and Chronic Illnesses, 13 Illness Behaviour, 13 Variables Influencing Illness and Illness Behaviour, 14 Impact of Illness on the Patient and Family, 14 National Health Policy of India, 15 Objectives, 15 Goals to Be Achieved between 2000 and 2015, 15 Policy Prescriptions, 16 Evaluation, 17 2. Health Care Delivery System 21 Patricia A. Stockert, Suresh K. Sharma and Daisy Thomas Health Care Agencies and Services, 22 Preventive and Primary Health Care, 23 Secondary and Tertiary Care, 23 Restorative Care, 25 Continuing Care, 26 Hospitals: Indian Scenario, 28 Types of Hospitals, 28 Hospitals in India, 28 Types of Nursing Care Delivery System, 30 Functional Nursing, 30 Total Care, 30 Team nursing, 30 Primary Nursing, 30 Case Management, 30 Patient-Focused Care, 30 Health Care Team, 31 Primary Health Care and Its Delivery: Role of Nurse, 31 Village Level, 32 Subcentre Level, 32 Primary Health Centre Level, 32 Community Health Centre, 32 Issues in Health Care Delivery, 32 Nursing Shortage, 33 Competency, 33 Evidence-Based Practice, 34 Quality and Safety in Health Care, 34 Nursing Informatics and Technological Advancements, 35 Globalization of Health Care, 37 Future of Health Care, 38 3. Nursing Today: Nursing as a Profession 41 Anne Griffin Perry, Suresh K. Sharma and Daisy Thomas Definitions of Nursing, 41 Philosophy of Nursing, 42 Aim of Nursing, 42 Promoting Health, 43 Preventing Illness, 43 Restoring Health, 43 Facilitating Coping with Disability and Death, 43 Nursing Practice, 43 Characteristics of Nursing, 43 Nature of Nursing, 43 Recipients of Nursing, 43 Functions of a Nurse, 43 Qualities of a Nurse, 44 Categories of Nursing Personnel, 44 Historical Highlights, 44 Florence Nightingale, 45 The Civil War to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century, 45 Twentieth Century, 45 Twenty-First Century, 45 History of Nursing in India, 46 Influences on Nursing, 47 Health Care Reform, 47 Demographic Changes, 47 Medically Underserved, 47 Threat of Bioterrorism, 47 Rising Health Care Costs, 47 Nursing Shortage, 47 Nursing as a Profession, 48 Basic Characteristics of a Profession, 48 Scope and Standards of Practice, 48 Nursing Education, 49 Professional Registered Nurse Education, 49 Graduate Education, 49 Continuing and In-Service Education, 49 Nursing Education in India, 50 Nursing Practice, 50 Nurse Practice Acts, 50 Licensure and Certification, 50 Science and Art of Nursing Practice, 50 Professional Responsibilities and Roles, 51 Autonomy and Accountability, 51 Caregiver, 51 Advocate, 51 Educator, 51 Communicator, 52 Manager, 52 Career Development, 52 Professional Nursing Organizations, 54 Trends in Nursing, 54 Quality and Safety Education for Nurses, 54 Genomics, 54 Public Perception of Nursing, 55 Impact of Nursing on Politics and Health Policy, 55 4. Caring in Nursing Practice 58 Anne Griffin Perry and Daisy Thomas Theoretical Views on Caring, 59 Caring Is Primary, 59 Leininger’s Transcultural Caring, 59 Watson’s Transpersonal Caring, 59 Swanson’s Theory of Caring, 60 Roach’s Human Mode of Being, 61 Summary of Theoretical Views, 61 Patients’ Perceptions of Caring, 62 Ethic of Care, 63 Caring in Nursing Practice, 63 Providing Presence, 63 Touch, 63 Listening, 64 Knowing the Patient, 64 Spiritual Caring, 65 Relieving Pain and Suffering, 65 Family Care, 65 The Challenge of Caring, 66 5. Culture and Ethnicity 69 Jerrilee LaMar Health Disparities, 69 Understanding Cultural Concepts, 70 Culturally Congruent Care, 71 Cultural Conflicts, 71 Cultural Context of Health and Caring, 71 Cultural Healing Modalities and Healers, 72 Culture-Bound Syndrome, 73 Culture and Life Transitions, 73 Pregnancy, 74 Childbirth, 74 Newborn, 74 Postpartum Period, 74 Grief and Loss, 75 Cultural Assessment, 76 Census Data, 76 Asking Questions, 76 Establishing Relationships, 76 Selected Components of Cultural Assessment, 78 Religious and Spiritual Beliefs, 79 Time Orientation, 81 Caring Beliefs and Practices, 81 Experience with Professional Health Care, 81 Culturally Congruent Care, 81 6. Developmental Theories 84 Karen Balakas and Daisy Thomas Factors Influencing Growth and Development, 84 Developmental Theories, 85 Biophysical Developmental Theories, 85 Psychoanalytical/Psychosocial Theory, 86 Perspectives on Adult Development, 88 Cognitive Developmental Theory, 89 Moral Developmental Theory, 91 7. Evidence-Based Practice 95 Amy M. Hall A Case for Evidence, 95 Steps of Evidence-Based Practice, 97 Nursing Research, 101 Outcomes Management Research, 102 Scientific Method, 102 Nursing and the Scientific Approach, 103 Research Process, 105 Quality and Performance Improvement, 106 Quality Improvement Programmes, 107 8. Community-Based Nursing Practice 110 Anne Griffin Perry and Daisy Thomas Community-Based Health Care, 110 Achieving Healthy Populations and Communities, 111 Community Health Nursing, 112 Nursing Practice in Community Health, 112 Community-Based Nursing, 113 Vulnerable Populations, 113 Competency in Community-Based Nursing, 115 Community Assessment, 117 Changing Patient’s Health, 117 Unit 2 Professional Standards in Nursing Practice 9. Ethics and Values 120 Margaret Ecker and Suresh K. Sharma Basic Terms in Health Ethics, 120 Autonomy, 120 Beneficence, 121 Nonmaleficence, 121 Justice, 121 Fidelity, 121 Professional Nursing Code of Ethics, 121 Advocacy, 121 Responsibility, 121 Accountability, 121 Confidentiality, 121 Code of Ethics for Nurses in India, 122 Values, 123 Value Formation, 123 Values Clarification, 123 Ethics and Philosophy, 124 Deontology, 124 Utilitarianism, 124 Feminist Ethics, 125 Ethics of Care, 125 Consensus in Bioethics, 125 Nursing Point of View, 125 Processing an Ethical Dilemma, 125 Institutional Resources, 127 Issues in Health Care Ethics, 128 Quality of Life, 128 Genetic Screening, 128 Care at the End of Life, 128 Access to Care, 129 10. Legal Implications in Nursing Practice 132 Christine R. Durbin Legal Limits of Nursing, 132 Sources of Law, 132 Standards of Care, 133 Federal Statutory Issues in Nursing Practice, 134 Americans with Disabilities Act, 134 Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act, 134 Mental Health Parity Act, 135 Advance Directives, 135 Uniform Anatomical Gift Act, 136 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, 136 Restraints, 136 State Statutory Issues in Nursing Practice, 137 Licensure, 137 Good Samaritan Laws, 137 Public Health Laws, 137 The Uniform Determination of Death Act, 137 Autopsy, 137 Physician-Assisted Suicide, 138 Civil and Common Law Issues in Nursing Practice, 138 Torts, 138 Consent, 139 Abortion Issues, 140 Nursing Students, 141 Malpractice Insurance, 141 Abandonment and Assignment Issues, 141 Risk Management, 142 Professional Involvement, 143 Unit 3 Communication and Nurse-Patient Relationship 11. Communication 146 Jeri Berger and Suresh K. Sharma Communication and Nursing Practice, 146 Communication and Interpersonal Relationships, 147 Developing Communication Skills, 147 Levels of Communication, 148 Basic Elements of the Communication Process, 149 Referent, 149 Sender and Receiver, 149 Messages, 150 Channels, 150 Feedback, 150 Interpersonal Variables, 150 Environment, 150 Forms of Communication, 150 Verbal Communication, 150 Nonverbal Communication, 151 Symbolic Communication, 152 Metacommunication, 152 Methods of Effective Communication, 152 Attention Skills, 152 Rapport Building, 153 Empathy Skills, 153 Professional Nursing Relationships, 153 Nurse-Patient Helping Relationships, 153 Nurse-Family Relationships, 154 Nurse–Health Care Team Relationships, 154 Nurse-Community Relationships, 155 Elements of Professional Communication, 155 Courtesy, 155 Use of Names, 156 Trustworthiness, 156 Autonomy and Responsibility, 156 Assertiveness, 156 12. Patient Education 168 Amy M. Hall and Suresh K. Sharma Standards for Patient Education, 168 Purposes of Patient Education, 169 Maintenance and Promotion of Health and Illness Prevention, 169 Restoration of Health, 169 Coping with Impaired Functions, 169 Teaching and Learning, 169 Role of the Nurse in Teaching and Learning, 170 Teaching as Communication, 170 Domains of Learning, 171 Cognitive Learning, 171 Affective Learning, 172 Psychomotor Learning, 172 Basic Learning Principles, 172 Motivation to Learn, 172 Ability to Learn, 173 Learning Environment, 175 Unit 4 Critical Thinking in Nursing Practice 13. Critical Thinking in Nursing Practice 190 Patricia A. Potter Clinical Decisions in Nursing Practice, 190 Critical Thinking Defined, 191 Thinking and Learning, 192 Levels of Critical Thinking in Nursing, 192 Basic Critical Thinking, 193 Complex Critical Thinking, 193 Commitment, 193 Critical Thinking Competencies, 193 General Critical Thinking, 193 Specific Critical Thinking, 194 Nursing Process as a Competency, 195 A Critical Thinking Model for Clinical Decision Making, 196 Specific Knowledge Base, 197 Experience, 197 Nursing Process Competency, 197 Attitudes for Critical Thinking, 197 Standards for Critical Thinking, 200 Developing Critical Thinking Skills, 201 Reflective Journaling, 201 Meeting with Colleagues, 201 Concept Mapping, 201 Critical Thinking Synthesis, 202 14. Nursing Assessment 205 Patricia A. Potter and Daisy Thomas Critical Thinking Approach to Assessment, 206 Data Collection, 207 Methods of Data Collection, 211 Cultural Considerations in Assessment, 214 Nursing Health History, 215 Physical Examination, 217 Observation of Patient Behaviour, 217 Diagnostic and Laboratory Data, 217 Interpreting and Validating Assessment Data, 217 Data Documentation, 218 Concept Mapping, 219 15. Nursing Diagnosis 222 Patricia A. Potter History of Nursing Diagnosis, 223 Critical Thinking and the Nursing Diagnostic Process, 226 Data Clustering, 226 Interpretation—Identifying Health Problems, 227 Formulating a Nursing Diagnosis, 228 Types of Nursing Diagnoses, 229 Components of a Nursing Diagnosis, 229 Cultural Relevance of Nursing Diagnoses, 230 Concept Mapping Nursing Diagnoses, 231 Sources of Diagnostic Errors, 232 Errors in Interpretation and Analysis of Data, 232 Errors in Data Clustering, 233 Errors in the Diagnostic Statement, 233 Documentation and Informatics, 234 Nursing Diagnoses: Application to Care Planning, 234 16. Planning Nursing Care 237 Patricia A. Potter and Daisy Thomas Types of Planning, 238 Establishing Priorities, 238 Priorities in Practice, 239 Critical Thinking in Setting Goals and Expected Outcomes, 239 Goals of Care, 240 Expected Outcomes, 241 Guidelines for Writing Goals and Expected Outcomes, 242 Critical Thinking in Planning Nursing Care, 243 Types of Interventions, 243 Selection of Interventions, 244 Systems for Planning Nursing Care, 246 Change of Shift, 247 Student Care Plans, 248 Concept Maps, 250 Consulting other Health Care Professionals, 251 When to Consult, 251 How to Consult, 251 17. Implementing Nursing Care 254 Patricia A. Potter and Suresh K. Sharma Critical Thinking in Implementation, 255 Standard Nursing Interventions, 256 Clinical Practice Guidelines and Protocols, 257 Standing Orders, 257 NIC Interventions, 257 Standards of Practice, 258 Implementation Process, 258 Reassessing the Patient, 258 Reviewing and Revising the Existing Nursing Care Plan, 258 Organizing Resources and Care Delivery, 258 Anticipating and Preventing Complications, 260 Implementation Skills, 261 Direct Care, 261 Activities of Daily Living, 261 Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, 262 Physical Care Techniques, 262 Lifesaving Measures, 262 Counselling, 262 Teaching, 262 Controlling for Adverse Reactions, 263 Preventive Measures, 264 Indirect Care, 264 Communicating Nursing Interventions, 264 Delegating, Supervising, and Evaluating the Work of Other Staff Members, 264 Achieving Patient Goals, 265 18. Evaluation 267 Patricia A. Potter and Suresh K. Sharma Standards for Evaluation, 269 Criterion-Based Evaluation, 270 Collaborate and Evaluate Effectiveness of Interventions, 270 Document Results, 272 Care Plan Revision, 273 19. Managing Patient Care 277 Patricia A. Stockert and Suresh K. Sharma Nursing Care Delivery Models, 277 Decision Making, 278 Staff Involvement, 280 Leadership Skills for Nursing Students, 281 Clinical Care Coordination, 281 Team Communication, 283 Delegation, 284 Knowledge Building, 285 Unit 5 Documentation and Informatics 20. Documentation and Reporting 289 Frank Lyerla and Suresh K. Sharma Confidentiality, 290 Standards, 290 Interdisciplinary Communication within the Health Care Team, 290 Purposes of Records, 291 Communication, 291 Legal Documentation, 291 Reimbursement, 291 Education, 291 Research, 291 Auditing and Monitoring, 292 Medical and Nursing Records, 293 Guidelines for Quality Documentation and Reporting, 293 Factual, 293 Accurate, 294 Complete, 294 Current, 295 Organized, 295 Methods of Documentation, 295 Paper and Electronic Health Records, 295 Narrative Documentation, 296 Problem-Oriented Medical Record, 296 Source Records, 297 Charting by Exception, 297 Case Management Plan and Critical Pathways, 298 Common Record-Keeping Forms, 298 Admission Nursing History Forms, 298 Flow Sheets and Graphic Records, 299 Patient Care Summary or Kardex, 299 Standardized Care Plans, 299 Discharge Summary Forms, 299 Acuity Records, 299 Home Care Documentation, 300 Long-Term Health Care Documentation, 300 Reporting, 300 Hand-Off Report, 300 Telephone Reports and Orders, 301 Incident or Occurrence Reports, 302 Health Informatics, 303 Nursing Informatics, 303 Nursing Information Systems, 304 Clinical Information Systems, 306 Unit 6 Foundations for Nursing Practice 21. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Practice 309 Anne Griffin Perry and Daisy Thomas Domain of Nursing, 309 Theory, 310 Purposes of a Theory, 310 Components of a Theory, 311 Types of a Theory, 311 Theory-Based Nursing Practice, 312 Interdisciplinary Theories, 312 Systems Theory, 312 Basic Human Needs, 313 Developmental Theories, 314 Psychosocial Theories, 314 Selected Nursing Theories, 314 Nightingale’s Theory, 314 Peplau’s Theory, 315 Henderson’s Theory, 315 Orem’s Theory, 315 Leininger’s Theory, 315 Betty Neuman’s Theory, 316 Roy’s Theory, 316 Watson’s Theory, 316 Benner and Wrubel’s Theory, 317 Link between Theory and Knowledge Development in Nursing, 317 Relationship between Nursing Theory and Nursing Research, 317 22. Hospitalization: Admission and Discharge 320 Suresh K. Sharma and Daisy Thomas Admission to the Hospital, 320 Definition, 320 Indications, 320 Purposes of Admission Procedure, 320 Types of Admission, 320 Method of Admission, 321 Preparation of the Unit for Admission, 321 Helping the Patient to Occupy the Bed, 321 Orientation of the Patient to the Ward, 321 Steps of Admission Procedure, 321 Emotional Responses to Hospitalization, 322 Special Considerations During Admission, 322 Medicolegal Issues Related to Admission, 322 Discharge from the Hospital, 322 Definition, 322 Types of Discharge, 322 Discharge Planning, 323 Discharge Procedure, 323 Medicolegal Issues Related to Discharge, 324 Medicolegal Issues Related to Discharge of Mentally-Ill Patient, 324 23. Patient Safety 327 Marinetta DeMoss and Suresh K. Sharma Scientific Knowledge Base, 328 Nursing Knowledge Base, 330 Environmental Safety: Noise, Ventilation, Light, 335 Noise Control, 335 Ventilation, 335 Lighting, 335 Critical Thinking, 335 24. Infection Prevention and Control 362 Ruth M. Curchoe and Suresh K. Sharma Scientific Knowledge Base, 363 Chain of Infection, 363 The Infectious Process, 366 Defences Against Infection, 366 Health Care–Associated Infections, 368 Nursing Knowledge Base, 369 Factors Influencing Infection Prevention and Control, 369 25. Vital Signs 407 Susan Jane Fetzer, Suresh K. Sharma and Daisy Thomas Guidelines for Measuring Vital Signs, 408 Body Temperature, 409 Factors Affecting Body Temperature, 411 Pulse, 419 Physiology and Regulation, 420 Assessment of Pulse, 420 Character of the Pulse, 421 Nursing Process and Pulse Determination, 423 Respiration, 423 Physiological Control, 423 Mechanics of Breathing, 423 Assessment of Ventilation, 424 Assessment of Diffusion and Perfusion, 425 Nursing Process and Respiratory Vital Signs, 426 Blood Pressure, 426 Physiology of Arterial Blood Pressure, 426 Factors Influencing Blood Pressure, 427 Hypertension, 428 Hypotension, 429 Measurement of Blood Pressure, 429 Nursing Process and Blood Pressure Determination, 434 Health Promotion and Vital Signs, 434 Recording Vital Signs, 434 26. Health Assessment and Physical Examination 455 Rhonda W. Comrie, Suresh K. Sharma and Daisy Thomas Purposes of the Physical Examination, 456 Cultural Sensitivity, 456 Preparation for Examination, 456 Infection Control, 456 Environment, 456 Equipment, 457 Physical Preparation of the Patient, 457 Psychological Preparation of a Patient, 457 Assessment of Age Groups, 459 Organization of the Examination, 459 Techniques of Physical Assessment, 461 Inspection, 461 Palpation, 461 Percussion, 463 Auscultation, 463 Olfaction, 463 General Survey, 463 General Appearance and Behaviour, 463 Vital Signs, 464 Height and Weight, 464 Skin, Hair, and Nails, 468 Skin, 468 Hair and Scalp, 472 Nails, 473 Head and Neck, 476 Head, 477 Eyes, 477 Ears, 482 Nose and Sinuses, 485 Mouth and Pharynx, 486 Neck, 490 Thorax and Lungs, 492 Posterior Thorax, 493 Lateral Thorax, 496 Anterior Thorax, 496 Heart, 497 Inspection and Palpation, 499 Auscultation, 500 Vascular System, 502 Blood Pressure, 502 Carotid Arteries, 502 Jugular Veins, 503 Peripheral Arteries and Veins, 504 Lymphatic System, 508 Breasts, 508 Female Breasts, 509 Male Breasts, 514 Abdomen, 514 Inspection, 515 Auscultation, 516 Palpation, 516 Female Genitalia and Reproductive Tract, 517 Preparation of the Patient, 518 External Genitalia, 518 Speculum Examination of Internal Genitalia, 519 Male Genitalia, 519 Sexual Maturity, 520 Penis, 521 Scrotum, 521 Inguinal Ring and Canal, 522 Rectum and Anus, 522 Inspection, 523 Digital Palpation, 523 Musculoskeletal System, 523 General Inspection, 524 Palpation, 525 Range of Joint Motion, 525 Muscle Tone and Strength, 526 Neurological System, 528 Mental and Emotional Status, 528 Intellectual Function, 530 Cranial Nerve Function, 530 Sensory Function, 530 Motor Function, 531 Reflexes, 532 After the Examination, 534 27. Machinery, Equipment and Linen 538 Suresh K. Sharma and Daisy Thomas Introduction, 538 Health Technology, 538 Medical Devices, 538 Medical Equipment, 539 Maintenance of Equipment, 539 Purposes of Equipment Maintenance, 539 Equipment Maintenance Process, 539 Hospital Housekeeping, 540 Care of Rubber Goods, 541 Care of Linen, 541 Care of Stainless Steel Instruments, 542 Care of Glassware, 542 Care of Enamelware, 542 Care of Hospital Furniture, 542 28. Medication Administration 544 Amy M. Hall, Suresh K. Sharma and Daisy Thomas Scientific Knowledge Base, 545 Medication Legislation and Standards, 545 Pharmacological Concepts, 545 Pharmacokinetics as the Basis of Medication Actions, 547 Types of Medication Action, 548 Medication Interactions, 549 Timing of Medication Dose Responses, 549 Routes of Administration, 550 Systems of Medication Measurement, 553 Nursing Knowledge Base, 554 Clinical Calculations, 554 Prescriber’s Role, 557 Types of Orders in Acute Care Agencies, 561 Pharmacist’s Role, 562 Distribution Systems, 563 Nurse’s Role, 563 Medication Errors, 563 Critical Thinking, 565 Knowledge, 565 Experience, 565 Attitudes, 565 Standards, 565 Medication Administration, 575 Oral Administration, 575 Topical Medication Applications, 577 Administering Medications by Inhalation, 581 Administering Medications by Irrigations, 584 Parenteral Administration of Medications, 584 Administering Injections, 588 29. Complementary and Alternative Therapies 627 Mary S. Koithan and Daisy Thomas Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Health, 628 Nursing-Accessible Therapies, 630 Relaxation Therapy, 631 Meditation and Breathing, 632 Imagery, 632 Training-Specific Therapies, 633 Biofeedback, 633 Acupuncture, 634 Therapeutic Touch, 634 Chiropractic Therapy, 635 Traditional Chinese Medicine, 636 Natural Products and Herbal Therapies, 637 Nursing Role in Complementary and Alternative Therapies, 638 Unit 7 Psychological Basis for Nursing Practice 30. Self-Concept 643 Victoria N. Folse, Suresh K. Sharma and Daisy Thomas Self-Awareness, 643 Scientific Knowledge Base, 643 Nursing Knowledge Base, 644 Development of Self-Concept, 645 Components and Interrelated Terms of Self-Concept, 645 Factors Influencing Self-Concept, 647 Family Effect on Self-Concept Development, 649 Nurse’s Effect on Patient’s Self-Concept, 649 Critical Thinking, 651 31. Sexuality 661 Kathy Lever and Daisy Thomas Scientific Knowledge Base, 662 Sexual Development, 662 Sexual Orientation, 663 Contraception, 664 Sexually Transmitted Infections, 664 Nursing Knowledge Base, 665 Factors Influencing Sexuality, 665 Critical Thinking, 668 32. The Experience of Loss, Death, and Grief 680 Valerie Yancey, Suresh K. Sharma and Daisy Thomas Scientific Knowledge Base, 681 Loss, 681 Grief, 682 Theories of Grief and Mourning, 682 Nursing Knowledge Base, 684 Factors Influencing Loss and Grief, 684 Sander’s Phases of Bereavement, 685 Critical Thinking, 686 33. Stress and Coping 705 Marjorie Baier and Daisy Thomas Scientific Knowledge Base, 706 Medulla Oblongata, 706 Reticular Formation, 706 Pituitary Gland, 706 General Adaptation Syndrome, 706 Types of Stress, 708 Nursing Knowledge Base, 708 Nursing Theory and the Role of Stress, 708 Indicators of Stress, 709 Factors Influencing Stress and Coping, 709 Critical Thinking, 711 Unit 8 Physiological Basis for Nursing Practice 34. Activity and Exercise 722 Rita Wunderlich Scientific Knowledge Base, 722 Overview of Exercise and Activity, 722 Regulation of Movement, 723 Principles of Transfer and Positioning Techniques, 725 Nursing Knowledge Base, 726 Factors Influencing Activity and Exercise, 726 Critical Thinking, 727 35. Hygiene 746 Deborah Marshall and Suresh K. Sharma Scientific Knowledge Base, 746 The Skin, 747 The Feet, Hands, and Nails, 747 The Oral Cavity, 748 The Hair, 748 The Eyes, Ears, and Nose, 748 Nursing Knowledge Base, 748 Factors Influencing Hygiene, 748 Critical Thinking, 751 36. Oxygenation 800 Paulette M. Archer and Suresh K. Sharma Scientific Knowledge Base, 800 Respiratory Physiology, 801 Cardiovascular Physiology, 802 Factors Affecting Oxygenation, 805 Alterations in Respiratory Functioning, 806 Alterations in Cardiac Functioning, 807 Nursing Knowledge Base, 808 Factors Influencing Oxygenation, 808 Critical Thinking, 810 37. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance 864 Linda Felver Scientific Knowledge Base, 865 Location and Movement of Water and Electrolytes, 865 Fluid Balance, 867 Fluid Imbalances, 869 Electrolyte Balance, 871 Electrolyte Imbalances, 872 Acid-Base Balance, 874 Acid-Base Imbalances, 875 Nursing Knowledge Base, 877 Critical Thinking, 877 Nursing History, 878 Medical History, 880 Physical Assessment, 881 Laboratory Values, 883 38. Sleep 922 Patricia A. Stockert and Daisy Thomas Scientific Knowledge Base, 922 Physiology of Sleep, 922 Functions of Sleep, 924 Physical Illness, 925 Sleep Disorders, 925 Nursing Knowledge Base, 928 Sleep and Rest, 928 Normal Sleep Requirements and Patterns, 928 Factors Influencing Sleep, 929 Critical Thinking, 930 Factors Affecting Human Comfort, 943 Environmental factors, 943 Psychological factors, 944 Personal factors, 944 Comfort Devices, 944 39. Pain Management 947 Linda Cason Scientific Knowledge Base, 948 Nature of Pain, 948 Physiology of Pain, 948 Types of Pain, 950 Nursing Knowledge Base, 951 Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs, 951 Factors Influencing Pain, 952 Critical Thinking, 954 40. Nutrition 983 Patricia A. Stockert and Daisy Thomas Scientific Knowledge Base, 984 Nutrients: The Biochemical Units of Nutrition, 984 Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System, 986 Dietary Guidelines, 988 Nursing Knowledge Base, 989 Factors Influencing Nutrition, 989 Alternative Food Patterns, 992 Critical Thinking, 992 41. Urinary Elimination 1030 Terry L. Wood Scientific Knowledge Base, 1030 Kidneys, 1030 Ureters, 1032 Bladder, 1032 Urethra, 1032 Act of Urination, 1032 Nursing Knowledge Base, 1037 Infection Control and Hygiene, 1037 Factors Influencing Urination, 1037 Critical Thinking, 1038 42. Bowel Elimination 1077 Lori Klingman Scientific Knowledge Base, 1077 Mouth, 1077 Oesophagus, 1077 Stomach, 1078 Small Intestine, 1078 Large Intestine, 1078 Anus, 1079 Defecation, 1079 Nursing Knowledge Base, 1079 Factors Influencing Bowel Elimination, 1079 Common Bowel Elimination Problems, 1082 Bowel Diversions, 1083 Critical Thinking, 1086 43. Mobility and Immobility 1119 Ann B. Tritak Scientific Knowledge Base, 1119 Nature of Movement, 1119 Physiology and Regulation of Movement, 1120 Pathological Influences on Mobility, 1123 Nursing Knowledge Base, 1124 Safe Patient Handling, 1124 Factors Influencing Mobility-Immobility, 1124 Developmental Changes, 1128 Critical Thinking, 1129 44. Skin Integrity and Wound Care 1172 Janice Colwell and Daisy Thomas Scientific Knowledge Base, 1172 Skin, 1172 Pressure Ulcers, 1173 Classification of Pressure Ulcers, 1175 Wound Classifications, 1177 Nursing Knowledge Base, 1180 Prediction and Prevention of Pressure Ulcers, 1180 Factors Influencing Pressure Ulcer Formation and Wound Healing, 1182 Critical Thinking, 1183 45. Sensory Alterations 1234 Jill Parsons Scientific Knowledge Base, 1234 Normal Sensation, 1234 Sensory Alterations, 1235 Nursing Knowledge Base, 1237 Factors Influencing Sensory Function, 1237 Critical Thinking, 1238 46. Care of Surgical Patients 1256 Carrie Sona History of Surgical Nursing, 1256 Ambulatory Surgery, 1257 Scientific Knowledge Base, 1257 Classification of Surgery, 1257 Nursing Knowledge Base, 1257 Critical Thinking, 1257 Preoperative Surgical Phase, 1259 Transport to the Operating Room, 1274 Intraoperative Surgical Phase, 1275 Preoperative (Holding) Area, 1275 Admission to the Operating Room, 1275 Preoperative Surgical Phase, 1278 Immediate Postoperative Recovery (Phase I), 1278 Recovery in Ambulatory Surgery (Phase II), 1280 Postoperative Convalescence, 1281 Appendix 1301 Glossary 1303 Index 1319 Potter and Perry' Fundamentals of Nursing : A South Asian Edition 1st Edition - July 18, 2013 https://www.elsevier.com/books/potter-and-perry-fundamentals-of-nursing-a-south-asian-edition/suresh/978-81-312-3436-5
Summary: SALIENT FEATURES Fully compliant to the INC curriculum Easy-to-read, interesting and involving disposition, which leads the reader through various facets of nursing foundations/ fundamentals Improved layout, design and presentation A number of photographs replaced with the Indian ones to provide regional feel to the content Long Answer and Short Answer questions added at the end of every chapter NEW TO THIS EDITION Complete and comprehensive coverage of the Nursing Foundations syllabus prescribed by the Indian Nursing Council. Historical background and development of nursing, existing nursing education and nursing cadre in India included Indian health care policies and procedures, e.g. Indian National Health Policy, Code of Ethics for Nurses in India, medicolegal issues in health care in India and biomedical waste management guidelines included to provide Indian perspective of nursing practice Health care delivery system in India and role of nurse in primary health care also been incorporated in the existing content of community-based care Brief introduction of statuary nursing bodies and associations in India such as the Indian Nursing Council, the Trained Nurses Association of India, and Indian Society of Psychiatric Nursing, etc. Nursing procedures and protocols customized to Indian nursing needs and resources Case studies have also been customized as per South Asian scenario for better understanding of the concepts Presentation of content is simple, easy to understand and lucid to benefit the nursing students of the region
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Table of Contents

Foreword v

Student Preface vii

Preface to the Instructor xiii

Contributors to the Previous Editions xvii

Reviewers for the South Asian Edition xix

Reviewers for the 8th Edition xxi

Acknowledgements for South Asian Edition xxv

Acknowledgements for the 8th Edition xxvii

Unit 1 The Patient, Nursing and the Health Care Environment

1. Health and Wellness 1

Patricia A. Stockert, Suresh K. Sharma and
Daisy Thomas

Definition of Health, 1

Concept of Health, 2

Concept of Wellness and Well-being, 2

Dimensions of Wellness, 2

Models of Health and Illness, 3

Health Belief Model, 3

Health Promotion Model, 4

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, 4

Holistic Health Models, 5

Illness-Wellness Continuum, 6

Variables Influencing Health and Health Beliefs
and Practices, 6

Internal Variables, 7

External Variables, 7

Health Promotion, Wellness, and Levels of
Disease Prevention, 8

Levels of Disease Prevention, 9

Risk Factors Influencing Health, 10

Genetic and Physiological Factors, 10

Age, 10

Environment, 10

Lifestyle, 10

Risk-Factor Modification and Changing
Health Behaviours, 11

Body Defence, Immunity, and Immunization, 12

Types of Immunity, 12

Illness and Illness Behaviour, 13

Acute and Chronic Illnesses, 13

Illness Behaviour, 13

Variables Influencing Illness and Illness
Behaviour, 14

Impact of Illness on the Patient and Family, 14

National Health Policy of India, 15

Objectives, 15

Goals to Be Achieved between 2000 and 2015, 15

Policy Prescriptions, 16

Evaluation, 17

2. Health Care Delivery System 21

Patricia A. Stockert, Suresh K. Sharma and
Daisy Thomas

Health Care Agencies and Services, 22

Preventive and Primary Health Care, 23

Secondary and Tertiary Care, 23

Restorative Care, 25

Continuing Care, 26

Hospitals: Indian Scenario, 28

Types of Hospitals, 28

Hospitals in India, 28

Types of Nursing Care Delivery System, 30

Functional Nursing, 30

Total Care, 30

Team nursing, 30

Primary Nursing, 30

Case Management, 30

Patient-Focused Care, 30

Health Care Team, 31

Primary Health Care and Its Delivery:
Role of Nurse, 31

Village Level, 32

Subcentre Level, 32

Primary Health Centre Level, 32

Community Health Centre, 32

Issues in Health Care Delivery, 32

Nursing Shortage, 33

Competency, 33

Evidence-Based Practice, 34

Quality and Safety in Health Care, 34

Nursing Informatics and Technological Advancements, 35

Globalization of Health Care, 37

Future of Health Care, 38

3. Nursing Today: Nursing as a Profession 41

Anne Griffin Perry, Suresh K. Sharma and
Daisy Thomas

Definitions of Nursing, 41

Philosophy of Nursing, 42

Aim of Nursing, 42

Promoting Health, 43

Preventing Illness, 43

Restoring Health, 43

Facilitating Coping with Disability and Death, 43

Nursing Practice, 43

Characteristics of Nursing, 43

Nature of Nursing, 43

Recipients of Nursing, 43

Functions of a Nurse, 43

Qualities of a Nurse, 44

Categories of Nursing Personnel, 44

Historical Highlights, 44

Florence Nightingale, 45

The Civil War to the Beginning of the
Twentieth Century, 45

Twentieth Century, 45

Twenty-First Century, 45

History of Nursing in India, 46

Influences on Nursing, 47

Health Care Reform, 47

Demographic Changes, 47

Medically Underserved, 47

Threat of Bioterrorism, 47

Rising Health Care Costs, 47

Nursing Shortage, 47

Nursing as a Profession, 48

Basic Characteristics of a Profession, 48

Scope and Standards of Practice, 48

Nursing Education, 49

Professional Registered Nurse Education, 49

Graduate Education, 49

Continuing and In-Service Education, 49

Nursing Education in India, 50

Nursing Practice, 50

Nurse Practice Acts, 50

Licensure and Certification, 50

Science and Art of Nursing Practice, 50

Professional Responsibilities and Roles, 51

Autonomy and Accountability, 51

Caregiver, 51

Advocate, 51

Educator, 51

Communicator, 52

Manager, 52

Career Development, 52

Professional Nursing Organizations, 54

Trends in Nursing, 54

Quality and Safety Education for Nurses, 54

Genomics, 54

Public Perception of Nursing, 55

Impact of Nursing on Politics and Health Policy, 55

4. Caring in Nursing Practice 58

Anne Griffin Perry and Daisy Thomas

Theoretical Views on Caring, 59

Caring Is Primary, 59

Leininger’s Transcultural Caring, 59

Watson’s Transpersonal Caring, 59

Swanson’s Theory of Caring, 60

Roach’s Human Mode of Being, 61

Summary of Theoretical Views, 61

Patients’ Perceptions of Caring, 62

Ethic of Care, 63

Caring in Nursing Practice, 63

Providing Presence, 63

Touch, 63

Listening, 64

Knowing the Patient, 64

Spiritual Caring, 65

Relieving Pain and Suffering, 65

Family Care, 65

The Challenge of Caring, 66

5. Culture and Ethnicity 69

Jerrilee LaMar

Health Disparities, 69

Understanding Cultural Concepts, 70

Culturally Congruent Care, 71

Cultural Conflicts, 71

Cultural Context of Health and Caring, 71

Cultural Healing Modalities and Healers, 72

Culture-Bound Syndrome, 73

Culture and Life Transitions, 73

Pregnancy, 74

Childbirth, 74

Newborn, 74

Postpartum Period, 74

Grief and Loss, 75

Cultural Assessment, 76

Census Data, 76

Asking Questions, 76

Establishing Relationships, 76

Selected Components of Cultural Assessment, 78

Religious and Spiritual Beliefs, 79

Time Orientation, 81

Caring Beliefs and Practices, 81

Experience with Professional Health Care, 81

Culturally Congruent Care, 81

6. Developmental Theories 84

Karen Balakas and Daisy Thomas

Factors Influencing Growth and Development, 84

Developmental Theories, 85

Biophysical Developmental Theories, 85

Psychoanalytical/Psychosocial Theory, 86

Perspectives on Adult Development, 88

Cognitive Developmental Theory, 89

Moral Developmental Theory, 91

7. Evidence-Based Practice 95

Amy M. Hall

A Case for Evidence, 95

Steps of Evidence-Based Practice, 97

Nursing Research, 101

Outcomes Management Research, 102

Scientific Method, 102

Nursing and the Scientific Approach, 103

Research Process, 105

Quality and Performance Improvement, 106

Quality Improvement Programmes, 107

8. Community-Based Nursing Practice 110

Anne Griffin Perry and Daisy Thomas

Community-Based Health Care, 110

Achieving Healthy Populations and Communities, 111

Community Health Nursing, 112

Nursing Practice in Community Health, 112

Community-Based Nursing, 113

Vulnerable Populations, 113

Competency in Community-Based Nursing, 115

Community Assessment, 117

Changing Patient’s Health, 117

Unit 2 Professional Standards in Nursing Practice

9. Ethics and Values 120

Margaret Ecker and Suresh K. Sharma

Basic Terms in Health Ethics, 120

Autonomy, 120

Beneficence, 121

Nonmaleficence, 121

Justice, 121

Fidelity, 121

Professional Nursing Code of Ethics, 121

Advocacy, 121

Responsibility, 121

Accountability, 121

Confidentiality, 121

Code of Ethics for Nurses in India, 122

Values, 123

Value Formation, 123

Values Clarification, 123

Ethics and Philosophy, 124

Deontology, 124

Utilitarianism, 124

Feminist Ethics, 125

Ethics of Care, 125

Consensus in Bioethics, 125

Nursing Point of View, 125

Processing an Ethical Dilemma, 125

Institutional Resources, 127

Issues in Health Care Ethics, 128

Quality of Life, 128

Genetic Screening, 128

Care at the End of Life, 128

Access to Care, 129

10. Legal Implications in Nursing Practice 132

Christine R. Durbin

Legal Limits of Nursing, 132

Sources of Law, 132

Standards of Care, 133

Federal Statutory Issues in Nursing Practice, 134

Americans with Disabilities Act, 134

Emergency Medical Treatment and Active
Labor Act, 134

Mental Health Parity Act, 135

Advance Directives, 135

Uniform Anatomical Gift Act, 136

Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act, 136

Restraints, 136

State Statutory Issues in Nursing Practice, 137

Licensure, 137

Good Samaritan Laws, 137

Public Health Laws, 137

The Uniform Determination of Death Act, 137

Autopsy, 137

Physician-Assisted Suicide, 138

Civil and Common Law Issues in Nursing Practice, 138

Torts, 138

Consent, 139

Abortion Issues, 140

Nursing Students, 141

Malpractice Insurance, 141

Abandonment and Assignment Issues, 141

Risk Management, 142

Professional Involvement, 143

Unit 3 Communication and Nurse-Patient Relationship

11. Communication 146

Jeri Berger and Suresh K. Sharma

Communication and Nursing Practice, 146

Communication and Interpersonal Relationships, 147

Developing Communication Skills, 147

Levels of Communication, 148

Basic Elements of the Communication Process, 149

Referent, 149

Sender and Receiver, 149

Messages, 150

Channels, 150

Feedback, 150

Interpersonal Variables, 150

Environment, 150

Forms of Communication, 150

Verbal Communication, 150

Nonverbal Communication, 151

Symbolic Communication, 152

Metacommunication, 152

Methods of Effective Communication, 152

Attention Skills, 152

Rapport Building, 153

Empathy Skills, 153

Professional Nursing Relationships, 153

Nurse-Patient Helping Relationships, 153

Nurse-Family Relationships, 154

Nurse–Health Care Team Relationships, 154

Nurse-Community Relationships, 155

Elements of Professional Communication, 155

Courtesy, 155

Use of Names, 156

Trustworthiness, 156

Autonomy and Responsibility, 156

Assertiveness, 156

12. Patient Education 168

Amy M. Hall and Suresh K. Sharma

Standards for Patient Education, 168

Purposes of Patient Education, 169

Maintenance and Promotion of Health and Illness
Prevention, 169

Restoration of Health, 169

Coping with Impaired Functions, 169

Teaching and Learning, 169

Role of the Nurse in Teaching and Learning, 170

Teaching as Communication, 170

Domains of Learning, 171

Cognitive Learning, 171

Affective Learning, 172

Psychomotor Learning, 172

Basic Learning Principles, 172

Motivation to Learn, 172

Ability to Learn, 173

Learning Environment, 175

Unit 4 Critical Thinking in Nursing Practice

13. Critical Thinking in Nursing Practice 190

Patricia A. Potter

Clinical Decisions in Nursing Practice, 190

Critical Thinking Defined, 191

Thinking and Learning, 192

Levels of Critical Thinking in Nursing, 192

Basic Critical Thinking, 193

Complex Critical Thinking, 193

Commitment, 193

Critical Thinking Competencies, 193

General Critical Thinking, 193

Specific Critical Thinking, 194

Nursing Process as a Competency, 195

A Critical Thinking Model for Clinical
Decision Making, 196

Specific Knowledge Base, 197

Experience, 197

Nursing Process Competency, 197

Attitudes for Critical Thinking, 197

Standards for Critical Thinking, 200

Developing Critical Thinking Skills, 201

Reflective Journaling, 201

Meeting with Colleagues, 201

Concept Mapping, 201

Critical Thinking Synthesis, 202

14. Nursing Assessment 205

Patricia A. Potter and Daisy Thomas

Critical Thinking Approach to Assessment, 206

Data Collection, 207

Methods of Data Collection, 211

Cultural Considerations in Assessment, 214

Nursing Health History, 215

Physical Examination, 217

Observation of Patient Behaviour, 217

Diagnostic and Laboratory Data, 217

Interpreting and Validating Assessment Data, 217

Data Documentation, 218

Concept Mapping, 219

15. Nursing Diagnosis 222

Patricia A. Potter

History of Nursing Diagnosis, 223

Critical Thinking and the Nursing Diagnostic Process, 226

Data Clustering, 226

Interpretation—Identifying Health Problems, 227

Formulating a Nursing Diagnosis, 228

Types of Nursing Diagnoses, 229

Components of a Nursing Diagnosis, 229

Cultural Relevance of Nursing Diagnoses, 230

Concept Mapping Nursing Diagnoses, 231

Sources of Diagnostic Errors, 232

Errors in Interpretation and Analysis of Data, 232

Errors in Data Clustering, 233

Errors in the Diagnostic Statement, 233

Documentation and Informatics, 234

Nursing Diagnoses: Application to Care Planning, 234

16. Planning Nursing Care 237

Patricia A. Potter and Daisy Thomas

Types of Planning, 238

Establishing Priorities, 238

Priorities in Practice, 239

Critical Thinking in Setting Goals and Expected
Outcomes, 239

Goals of Care, 240

Expected Outcomes, 241

Guidelines for Writing Goals and Expected Outcomes, 242

Critical Thinking in Planning Nursing Care, 243

Types of Interventions, 243

Selection of Interventions, 244

Systems for Planning Nursing Care, 246

Change of Shift, 247

Student Care Plans, 248

Concept Maps, 250

Consulting other Health Care Professionals, 251

When to Consult, 251

How to Consult, 251

17. Implementing Nursing Care 254

Patricia A. Potter and Suresh K. Sharma

Critical Thinking in Implementation, 255

Standard Nursing Interventions, 256

Clinical Practice Guidelines and Protocols, 257

Standing Orders, 257

NIC Interventions, 257

Standards of Practice, 258

Implementation Process, 258

Reassessing the Patient, 258

Reviewing and Revising the Existing Nursing
Care Plan, 258

Organizing Resources and Care Delivery, 258

Anticipating and Preventing Complications, 260

Implementation Skills, 261

Direct Care, 261

Activities of Daily Living, 261

Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, 262

Physical Care Techniques, 262

Lifesaving Measures, 262

Counselling, 262

Teaching, 262

Controlling for Adverse Reactions, 263

Preventive Measures, 264

Indirect Care, 264

Communicating Nursing Interventions, 264

Delegating, Supervising, and Evaluating the
Work of Other Staff Members, 264

Achieving Patient Goals, 265

18. Evaluation 267

Patricia A. Potter and Suresh K. Sharma

Standards for Evaluation, 269

Criterion-Based Evaluation, 270

Collaborate and Evaluate Effectiveness of Interventions, 270

Document Results, 272

Care Plan Revision, 273

19. Managing Patient Care 277

Patricia A. Stockert and Suresh K. Sharma

Nursing Care Delivery Models, 277

Decision Making, 278

Staff Involvement, 280

Leadership Skills for Nursing Students, 281

Clinical Care Coordination, 281

Team Communication, 283

Delegation, 284

Knowledge Building, 285

Unit 5 Documentation and Informatics

20. Documentation and Reporting 289

Frank Lyerla and Suresh K. Sharma

Confidentiality, 290

Standards, 290

Interdisciplinary Communication within the Health Care Team, 290

Purposes of Records, 291

Communication, 291

Legal Documentation, 291

Reimbursement, 291

Education, 291

Research, 291

Auditing and Monitoring, 292

Medical and Nursing Records, 293

Guidelines for Quality Documentation and Reporting, 293

Factual, 293

Accurate, 294

Complete, 294

Current, 295

Organized, 295

Methods of Documentation, 295

Paper and Electronic Health Records, 295

Narrative Documentation, 296

Problem-Oriented Medical Record, 296

Source Records, 297

Charting by Exception, 297

Case Management Plan and Critical Pathways, 298

Common Record-Keeping Forms, 298

Admission Nursing History Forms, 298

Flow Sheets and Graphic Records, 299

Patient Care Summary or Kardex, 299

Standardized Care Plans, 299

Discharge Summary Forms, 299

Acuity Records, 299

Home Care Documentation, 300

Long-Term Health Care Documentation, 300

Reporting, 300

Hand-Off Report, 300

Telephone Reports and Orders, 301

Incident or Occurrence Reports, 302

Health Informatics, 303

Nursing Informatics, 303

Nursing Information Systems, 304

Clinical Information Systems, 306

Unit 6 Foundations for Nursing Practice

21. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Practice 309

Anne Griffin Perry and Daisy Thomas

Domain of Nursing, 309

Theory, 310

Purposes of a Theory, 310

Components of a Theory, 311

Types of a Theory, 311

Theory-Based Nursing Practice, 312

Interdisciplinary Theories, 312

Systems Theory, 312

Basic Human Needs, 313

Developmental Theories, 314

Psychosocial Theories, 314

Selected Nursing Theories, 314

Nightingale’s Theory, 314

Peplau’s Theory, 315

Henderson’s Theory, 315

Orem’s Theory, 315

Leininger’s Theory, 315

Betty Neuman’s Theory, 316

Roy’s Theory, 316

Watson’s Theory, 316

Benner and Wrubel’s Theory, 317

Link between Theory and Knowledge Development in Nursing, 317

Relationship between Nursing Theory and
Nursing Research, 317

22. Hospitalization: Admission and Discharge 320

Suresh K. Sharma and Daisy Thomas

Admission to the Hospital, 320

Definition, 320

Indications, 320

Purposes of Admission Procedure, 320

Types of Admission, 320

Method of Admission, 321

Preparation of the Unit for Admission, 321

Helping the Patient to Occupy the Bed, 321

Orientation of the Patient to the Ward, 321

Steps of Admission Procedure, 321

Emotional Responses to Hospitalization, 322

Special Considerations During Admission, 322

Medicolegal Issues Related to Admission, 322

Discharge from the Hospital, 322

Definition, 322

Types of Discharge, 322

Discharge Planning, 323

Discharge Procedure, 323

Medicolegal Issues Related to Discharge, 324

Medicolegal Issues Related to Discharge of
Mentally-Ill Patient, 324

23. Patient Safety 327

Marinetta DeMoss and Suresh K. Sharma

Scientific Knowledge Base, 328

Nursing Knowledge Base, 330

Environmental Safety: Noise, Ventilation,
Light, 335

Noise Control, 335

Ventilation, 335

Lighting, 335

Critical Thinking, 335

24. Infection Prevention and Control 362

Ruth M. Curchoe and Suresh K. Sharma

Scientific Knowledge Base, 363

Chain of Infection, 363

The Infectious Process, 366

Defences Against Infection, 366

Health Care–Associated Infections, 368

Nursing Knowledge Base, 369

Factors Influencing Infection Prevention and Control, 369

25. Vital Signs 407

Susan Jane Fetzer, Suresh K. Sharma and
Daisy Thomas

Guidelines for Measuring Vital Signs, 408

Body Temperature, 409

Factors Affecting Body Temperature, 411

Pulse, 419

Physiology and Regulation, 420

Assessment of Pulse, 420

Character of the Pulse, 421

Nursing Process and Pulse Determination, 423

Respiration, 423

Physiological Control, 423

Mechanics of Breathing, 423

Assessment of Ventilation, 424

Assessment of Diffusion and Perfusion, 425

Nursing Process and Respiratory Vital Signs, 426

Blood Pressure, 426

Physiology of Arterial Blood Pressure, 426

Factors Influencing Blood Pressure, 427

Hypertension, 428

Hypotension, 429

Measurement of Blood Pressure, 429

Nursing Process and Blood Pressure
Determination, 434

Health Promotion and Vital Signs, 434

Recording Vital Signs, 434

26. Health Assessment and Physical Examination 455

Rhonda W. Comrie, Suresh K. Sharma and
Daisy Thomas

Purposes of the Physical Examination, 456

Cultural Sensitivity, 456

Preparation for Examination, 456

Infection Control, 456

Environment, 456

Equipment, 457

Physical Preparation of the Patient, 457

Psychological Preparation of a Patient, 457

Assessment of Age Groups, 459

Organization of the Examination, 459

Techniques of Physical Assessment, 461

Inspection, 461

Palpation, 461

Percussion, 463

Auscultation, 463

Olfaction, 463

General Survey, 463

General Appearance and Behaviour, 463

Vital Signs, 464

Height and Weight, 464

Skin, Hair, and Nails, 468

Skin, 468

Hair and Scalp, 472

Nails, 473

Head and Neck, 476

Head, 477

Eyes, 477

Ears, 482

Nose and Sinuses, 485

Mouth and Pharynx, 486

Neck, 490

Thorax and Lungs, 492

Posterior Thorax, 493

Lateral Thorax, 496

Anterior Thorax, 496

Heart, 497

Inspection and Palpation, 499

Auscultation, 500

Vascular System, 502

Blood Pressure, 502

Carotid Arteries, 502

Jugular Veins, 503

Peripheral Arteries and Veins, 504

Lymphatic System, 508

Breasts, 508

Female Breasts, 509

Male Breasts, 514

Abdomen, 514

Inspection, 515

Auscultation, 516

Palpation, 516

Female Genitalia and Reproductive Tract, 517

Preparation of the Patient, 518

External Genitalia, 518

Speculum Examination of Internal Genitalia, 519

Male Genitalia, 519

Sexual Maturity, 520

Penis, 521

Scrotum, 521

Inguinal Ring and Canal, 522

Rectum and Anus, 522

Inspection, 523

Digital Palpation, 523

Musculoskeletal System, 523

General Inspection, 524

Palpation, 525

Range of Joint Motion, 525

Muscle Tone and Strength, 526

Neurological System, 528

Mental and Emotional Status, 528

Intellectual Function, 530

Cranial Nerve Function, 530

Sensory Function, 530

Motor Function, 531

Reflexes, 532

After the Examination, 534

27. Machinery, Equipment and Linen 538

Suresh K. Sharma and Daisy Thomas

Introduction, 538

Health Technology, 538

Medical Devices, 538

Medical Equipment, 539

Maintenance of Equipment, 539

Purposes of Equipment Maintenance, 539

Equipment Maintenance Process, 539

Hospital Housekeeping, 540

Care of Rubber Goods, 541

Care of Linen, 541

Care of Stainless Steel Instruments, 542

Care of Glassware, 542

Care of Enamelware, 542

Care of Hospital Furniture, 542

28. Medication Administration 544

Amy M. Hall, Suresh K. Sharma and
Daisy Thomas

Scientific Knowledge Base, 545

Medication Legislation and Standards, 545

Pharmacological Concepts, 545

Pharmacokinetics as the Basis of Medication
Actions, 547

Types of Medication Action, 548

Medication Interactions, 549

Timing of Medication Dose Responses, 549

Routes of Administration, 550

Systems of Medication Measurement, 553

Nursing Knowledge Base, 554

Clinical Calculations, 554

Prescriber’s Role, 557

Types of Orders in Acute Care Agencies, 561

Pharmacist’s Role, 562

Distribution Systems, 563

Nurse’s Role, 563

Medication Errors, 563

Critical Thinking, 565

Knowledge, 565

Experience, 565

Attitudes, 565

Standards, 565

Medication Administration, 575

Oral Administration, 575

Topical Medication Applications, 577

Administering Medications by Inhalation, 581

Administering Medications by Irrigations, 584

Parenteral Administration of Medications, 584

Administering Injections, 588

29. Complementary and Alternative Therapies 627

Mary S. Koithan and Daisy Thomas

Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Health, 628

Nursing-Accessible Therapies, 630

Relaxation Therapy, 631

Meditation and Breathing, 632

Imagery, 632

Training-Specific Therapies, 633

Biofeedback, 633

Acupuncture, 634

Therapeutic Touch, 634

Chiropractic Therapy, 635

Traditional Chinese Medicine, 636

Natural Products and Herbal Therapies, 637

Nursing Role in Complementary and Alternative
Therapies, 638

Unit 7 Psychological Basis for Nursing Practice

30. Self-Concept 643

Victoria N. Folse, Suresh K. Sharma and
Daisy Thomas

Self-Awareness, 643

Scientific Knowledge Base, 643

Nursing Knowledge Base, 644

Development of Self-Concept, 645

Components and Interrelated Terms of
Self-Concept, 645

Factors Influencing Self-Concept, 647

Family Effect on Self-Concept Development, 649

Nurse’s Effect on Patient’s Self-Concept, 649

Critical Thinking, 651

31. Sexuality 661

Kathy Lever and Daisy Thomas

Scientific Knowledge Base, 662

Sexual Development, 662

Sexual Orientation, 663

Contraception, 664

Sexually Transmitted Infections, 664

Nursing Knowledge Base, 665

Factors Influencing Sexuality, 665

Critical Thinking, 668

32. The Experience of Loss, Death, and Grief 680

Valerie Yancey, Suresh K. Sharma and
Daisy Thomas

Scientific Knowledge Base, 681

Loss, 681

Grief, 682

Theories of Grief and Mourning, 682

Nursing Knowledge Base, 684

Factors Influencing Loss and Grief, 684

Sander’s Phases of Bereavement, 685

Critical Thinking, 686

33. Stress and Coping 705

Marjorie Baier and Daisy Thomas

Scientific Knowledge Base, 706

Medulla Oblongata, 706

Reticular Formation, 706

Pituitary Gland, 706

General Adaptation Syndrome, 706

Types of Stress, 708

Nursing Knowledge Base, 708

Nursing Theory and the Role of Stress, 708

Indicators of Stress, 709

Factors Influencing Stress and Coping, 709

Critical Thinking, 711

Unit 8 Physiological Basis for Nursing Practice

34. Activity and Exercise 722

Rita Wunderlich

Scientific Knowledge Base, 722

Overview of Exercise and Activity, 722

Regulation of Movement, 723

Principles of Transfer and Positioning Techniques, 725

Nursing Knowledge Base, 726

Factors Influencing Activity and Exercise, 726

Critical Thinking, 727

35. Hygiene 746

Deborah Marshall and Suresh K. Sharma

Scientific Knowledge Base, 746

The Skin, 747

The Feet, Hands, and Nails, 747

The Oral Cavity, 748

The Hair, 748

The Eyes, Ears, and Nose, 748

Nursing Knowledge Base, 748

Factors Influencing Hygiene, 748

Critical Thinking, 751

36. Oxygenation 800

Paulette M. Archer and Suresh K. Sharma

Scientific Knowledge Base, 800

Respiratory Physiology, 801

Cardiovascular Physiology, 802

Factors Affecting Oxygenation, 805

Alterations in Respiratory Functioning, 806

Alterations in Cardiac Functioning, 807

Nursing Knowledge Base, 808

Factors Influencing Oxygenation, 808

Critical Thinking, 810

37. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance 864

Linda Felver

Scientific Knowledge Base, 865

Location and Movement of Water and Electrolytes, 865

Fluid Balance, 867

Fluid Imbalances, 869

Electrolyte Balance, 871

Electrolyte Imbalances, 872

Acid-Base Balance, 874

Acid-Base Imbalances, 875

Nursing Knowledge Base, 877

Critical Thinking, 877

Nursing History, 878

Medical History, 880

Physical Assessment, 881

Laboratory Values, 883

38. Sleep 922

Patricia A. Stockert and Daisy Thomas

Scientific Knowledge Base, 922

Physiology of Sleep, 922

Functions of Sleep, 924

Physical Illness, 925

Sleep Disorders, 925

Nursing Knowledge Base, 928

Sleep and Rest, 928

Normal Sleep Requirements and Patterns, 928

Factors Influencing Sleep, 929

Critical Thinking, 930

Factors Affecting Human Comfort, 943

Environmental factors, 943

Psychological factors, 944

Personal factors, 944

Comfort Devices, 944

39. Pain Management 947

Linda Cason

Scientific Knowledge Base, 948

Nature of Pain, 948

Physiology of Pain, 948

Types of Pain, 950

Nursing Knowledge Base, 951

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs, 951

Factors Influencing Pain, 952

Critical Thinking, 954

40. Nutrition 983

Patricia A. Stockert and Daisy Thomas

Scientific Knowledge Base, 984

Nutrients: The Biochemical Units of Nutrition, 984

Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System, 986

Dietary Guidelines, 988

Nursing Knowledge Base, 989

Factors Influencing Nutrition, 989

Alternative Food Patterns, 992

Critical Thinking, 992

41. Urinary Elimination 1030

Terry L. Wood

Scientific Knowledge Base, 1030

Kidneys, 1030

Ureters, 1032

Bladder, 1032

Urethra, 1032

Act of Urination, 1032

Nursing Knowledge Base, 1037

Infection Control and Hygiene, 1037

Factors Influencing Urination, 1037

Critical Thinking, 1038

42. Bowel Elimination 1077

Lori Klingman

Scientific Knowledge Base, 1077

Mouth, 1077

Oesophagus, 1077

Stomach, 1078

Small Intestine, 1078

Large Intestine, 1078

Anus, 1079

Defecation, 1079

Nursing Knowledge Base, 1079

Factors Influencing Bowel Elimination, 1079

Common Bowel Elimination Problems, 1082

Bowel Diversions, 1083

Critical Thinking, 1086

43. Mobility and Immobility 1119

Ann B. Tritak

Scientific Knowledge Base, 1119

Nature of Movement, 1119

Physiology and Regulation of Movement, 1120

Pathological Influences on Mobility, 1123

Nursing Knowledge Base, 1124

Safe Patient Handling, 1124

Factors Influencing Mobility-Immobility, 1124

Developmental Changes, 1128

Critical Thinking, 1129

44. Skin Integrity and Wound Care 1172

Janice Colwell and Daisy Thomas

Scientific Knowledge Base, 1172

Skin, 1172

Pressure Ulcers, 1173

Classification of Pressure Ulcers, 1175

Wound Classifications, 1177

Nursing Knowledge Base, 1180

Prediction and Prevention of Pressure Ulcers, 1180

Factors Influencing Pressure Ulcer Formation and Wound Healing, 1182

Critical Thinking, 1183

45. Sensory Alterations 1234

Jill Parsons

Scientific Knowledge Base, 1234

Normal Sensation, 1234

Sensory Alterations, 1235

Nursing Knowledge Base, 1237

Factors Influencing Sensory Function, 1237

Critical Thinking, 1238

46. Care of Surgical Patients 1256

Carrie Sona

History of Surgical Nursing, 1256

Ambulatory Surgery, 1257

Scientific Knowledge Base, 1257

Classification of Surgery, 1257

Nursing Knowledge Base, 1257

Critical Thinking, 1257

Preoperative Surgical Phase, 1259

Transport to the Operating Room, 1274

Intraoperative Surgical Phase, 1275

Preoperative (Holding) Area, 1275

Admission to the Operating Room, 1275

Preoperative Surgical Phase, 1278

Immediate Postoperative Recovery (Phase I), 1278

Recovery in Ambulatory Surgery (Phase II), 1280

Postoperative Convalescence, 1281

Appendix 1301

Glossary 1303

Index 1319 Potter and Perry' Fundamentals of Nursing : A South Asian Edition
1st Edition - July 18, 2013

https://www.elsevier.com/books/potter-and-perry-fundamentals-of-nursing-a-south-asian-edition/suresh/978-81-312-3436-5

SALIENT FEATURES Fully compliant to the INC curriculum Easy-to-read, interesting and involving disposition, which leads the reader through various facets of nursing foundations/ fundamentals Improved layout, design and presentation A number of photographs replaced with the Indian ones to provide regional feel to the content Long Answer and Short Answer questions added at the end of every chapter NEW TO THIS EDITION Complete and comprehensive coverage of the Nursing Foundations syllabus prescribed by the Indian Nursing Council. Historical background and development of nursing, existing nursing education and nursing cadre in India included Indian health care policies and procedures, e.g. Indian National Health Policy, Code of Ethics for Nurses in India, medicolegal issues in health care in India and biomedical waste management guidelines included to provide Indian perspective of nursing practice Health care delivery system in India and role of nurse in primary health care also been incorporated in the existing content of community-based care Brief introduction of statuary nursing bodies and associations in India such as the Indian Nursing Council, the Trained Nurses Association of India, and Indian Society of Psychiatric Nursing, etc. Nursing procedures and protocols customized to Indian nursing needs and resources Case studies have also been customized as per South Asian scenario for better understanding of the concepts Presentation of content is simple, easy to understand and lucid to benefit the nursing students of the region

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